From World War II until its breakup, the Soviet Union undertook projects to build rockets, craft, and instruments for war and exploration of space.

The Soviet space program was shrouded in secrecy. The leader of the Soviet space program, Sergey Korolev was known only as the "chief designer" during his life. Announcements of success were delayed until success was certain, and failures were kept secret. Only through glasnost have many facts about the program become public knowledge.

Contents

1 Firsts 2 Failures 3 Projects 4 See also 5 External links

Firsts

Two days after the United States announced its intention to launch a satellite, on July 31, 1956, the Soviet Union announced its intention to do the same. Sputnik 1 became the first satellite with its launch October 4, 1957. It stunned citizens the world over.

The Soviet space program led the space race from 1957 through 1967:

• First ICBM, the R-7
• First satellite, Sputnik 1
• First animal to enter orbit in space: Laika on Sputnik 2
• First person in space and in orbit, Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1, Vostok programme
• First approach in space with Vostok 3 and Vostok 4. While considered by some to be the first rendezvous, Vostok 3 and 4 were 5km apart, and on different orbital planes. American Gemini 6A and Gemini 7 were the first true rendezvous, three years later.
• First woman in space Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6
• First EVA on Voskhod 2 by Aleksei Leonov
• First probe on the moon Luna 2
• First probe on Venus Venera 3
• First Salyut 1 space station in 1971
• First woman to walk in space: Svetlana Savitskaya in 1984 while on Salyut 7 space station.
• First permanently manned space station, Mir which orbited the Earth from 1986 until 2001.

Failures

The Soviet and Russian space programs have been consistently dogged by a lack of funding which has complicated efforts from the moon mission to cooperation on the International Space Station.

The Soviet space program produced the first fatality on March 23, 1961 when Valentin Bondarenko died in a fire within a low pressure, high oxygen atmosphere.

Director Korolev's death (during an operation to remove a cancerous tumor) in January 1966 preceded the launch of Soyuz 1. The mission launched with known design problems and ended a troubled flight by crashing to the ground killing Vladimir Komarov in 1967, the first in-flight fatality.

The Soviet leadership did not commit to a single approach to winning the Space Race. In 1964 there were three different design teams working on the issue of a moon landing.

The Soviets continued striving for the first lunar mission with the huge N-1 moon rocket which exploded on each of four unmanned tests. Americans won the race to the moon with Apollo 11.

On March 18, 1980 a Vostok rocket exploded on its launch pad during a fueling operation killing 48 people.

The Soviet space program produced the Space Shuttle Buran. Several vehicles were built, but only one flew an unmanned test flight; it was found too expensive to operate.

See also the complete list of space disasters.

Projects

The Soviet space program undertook a number of projects:

• Sputnik program
• Vostok programme
• Voskhod programme
• Luna
• Venera
• Energia
• Buran
• Mir
• Meteor meteorological satellites

...

See also

• Yuri Gagarin
• Laika
• Sergei Korolev
• Soviet Moonshot

External links

• PBS Red Files
• Korolev, Mastermind of the Soviet Space Program