Oophorectomy

Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the ovaries of a female animal. In the case of non-human animals, this is also called spaying. It is a form of sterilization.

The removal of the ovaries together with the Fallopian tubes is called salpingo-oophorectomy. Oophorectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy are not common forms of birth control in humans; more usual is tubal ligation, in which the Fallopian tubes are blocked but the ovaries remain intact.

In humans, oophorectomy is most usually performed together with a hysterectomy - the removal of the uterus. Its use in a hysterectomy when there are no other health problems is somewhat controversial.

In animals, spaying involves an invasive removal of the ovaries, but rarely has major complications; the superstition that it causes weight gain is not based on fact. Spaying is especially important for certain animals that require the ovum to be released at a certain interval (called estrus or "heat"), such as cats and dogs. If the cell is not released during these animal's heat, it can cause severe medical problems that can be averted by spaying or partnering the animal with a male.

Oophorectomy is sometimes referred to as castration, but that term is most often used to mean the removal of a male animal's testicles.

See also


Somali language


Somali ( aafsoomali)
Spoken in: Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti
Region: East Africa
Total speakers: 15-25 million
Ranking: Not in top 100
Genetic classification: Afro-Asiatic

 Cushtic
  East
    Somali

Official status
Official language of: Somalia
Regulated by: --
Language codes
ISO 639-1 so
ISO 639-2 som
SIL SOM


The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic languages. It is spoken mostly in Somalia, Ethiopia, and Djibouti, but speakers are found all over the world because of the civil war. It has between 15 to 25 million speakers.

It had no written alphabet as late as 1972 (apart from occasional proposals, such as Osmanya ), but the government changed that and introduced the Latin alphabet. This sets it apart from the languages near it, which either use the Amharic or the Arabic alphabet.

Before the colonial period, educated Somalis and the religious fraternities used the Arabic language. It is also evidenced from material discovered during 1940, mainly ancient letters and tumb inscriptions, that the Somali language was written with the Arabic alphabet, just like the Urdu and Farsi languages. But it was not certainly "codified" and questions remains about how its use was widespread. Further investigation is required.

Grammatical categories of Somali language are:

As you may notice here, the Somali has some grammatical categories which are not found in many other languages including English, French, Arabic, etc., for example focus word or the focalization phenomenon which concerns those elements in the formation of the sentence which tell us where the intention or the interest or the focus is located in the phrase.

The words baa, ayaa, and waxaa put the focus on nouns and noun phrases.

Example:

  1. John baa baxay - John Focus (baa) went out
  2. John ayaa baxay - John Focus (ayaa) went out
  3. Waxaa baxay John - Focus (waxaa) went out John

Thus, the words baa, ayaa, and waxaa make think about, unknowingly, who went out? Therefore the noun.

We have also in Somali language the word waa which puts the focus on verbs and verb phrases.

Example:

John waa baxay John Focus (waa) went out

Waa is different from other previous one we have just seen, because it makes you think about: what did John do? Therefore the verb.

Somali language is not a complicated and brain-burning language as many people including Somalis are convinced, but the fact is very little has been done about its grammar. Nevertheless, some books of Somali language are:

1) Somali Reference Grammar. Written by John Ibrahim Saeed And if you can read Italian:

2) Studi Somali 5: Aspetti morfologici, lessicali e della focalizzazione. A cura di A.Puglielli.

3) Studi Somali 2: Sintassi della lingua somala. A cura di A. Puglielli.

If you don’t read Italian, don’t worry that its not a big deal. The first book might be able to cover your needs.

The Somali language latin alphabet is:

A, B, C, D, DH, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, KH, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, SH, T, U, W, X, Y, '. To be noted the absence of consonants P, V, Z for obvious reasons and inclusion of (') hamza.

Also, it has short and long vowels: A, AA, E, EE, I, II, O, OO, U, UU. And consonants C, DH, KH, Q, X have totally different sounds from the classic latin one. Thus, yes latin alphabet, but with a special adaptation.

The first officially written material in the Somali latin format are:

1. Ereybixinta Af-Soomaaliga ee Howlaha Wasaaradaha, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar 1972

2. Aasaaska Naxwaha Af-Soomaaliga, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1973.

3. Buugga Caafimaadka & Hufnaanta, edited by Afropress Ltd. P.O.Box 303502, Nairobi, Kenya

4. Tacliinta Dadka Waaweyn, Buugga Xilkasnimada, edited by Afropress Ltd. P.O.Box 303502, Nairobi, Kenya

5. Dalkayga iyo Dadkayga, Khudbadihii Madaxweynaha Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka, Maxamed Siyaad Barre, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1973.

6. Horumarinta iyo Aqoonta Miyiga, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1973.

7. Caafimaadka iyo Xannaanada Xoolaha, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar.

8. Murti iyo Sheekooyin, written by Cabdulqaadir F.Bootaan, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1973.

9. Geeddiga Wadaay, written by Cabdi Muxumud, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1974.

10. Taariikha Afrika, written by Axmed Faarax, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1975.

11. Khayraadka Dhulkeenna, written by Cali Aadan Bootaan, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1973.

12. Hooyada iyo Howlaheeda,written by Dahabo Faarax & Raaqiya X. Ducaale, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1973.

13. Aqoondarro Waa U Nacab Jacayl, written by Faarax M. J. Cawl, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1974.

14. Diiwaanka Sayid Maxamed, written by Jaamac Cumar Ciise, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1974.

15. Sheekooyin Soomaaliyeed, written by Muuse Cumar Islaan, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1973.

16. Halgankii Nolosha, written by Shire Jaamac, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1973.

17. Rooxaan, written by Shire Jaamac, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1973.

18. Adduunyo Waa Sheeko iyo Shaahid, written by Xasan Yaaquub (Baabraqiis), edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1974.

19. Waari Maysidee War Ha Kaa Haro, written by Xasan Yaaquub (Baabraqiis), edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1974.

20. Madhaafaanka Murtida, written by Yuusuf Meygaag, edited in Nairobi, kenya.

21. Aasaaska Aqoonta Caafimaadka, written by Yuusud Xirsi & Yuusuf Sh. Cali, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1974.

22. Qaamuuksa Af-Soomaaliga, written by Yaasiin C. Keenadiid, edited by Akademiyaha Dhaqanka, Firenze, Italia, 1976.

23. Mataan, written by Maxamed Saciid Samatar (Gacaliye), Paris, 1994.


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