Sea Turtles

|- | style="text-align:center;" |
baby Loggerhead Sea Turtle |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: pink;" | Scientific classification |- style="text-align:center;" |

|- valign=top |Kingdom:||Animalia |- valign=top |Phylum:||Chordata |- valign=top |Class:||Reptilia |- valign=top |Subclass:||Anapsida |- valign=top |Order:||Testudines |- valign=top |Suborder:||Cryptodira |- valign=top |Superfamily:||Chelonioidea |- valign=top |Family:||Cheloniidae |} |- style="text-align:center; background:pink;" !Genera |- | Caretta
Lepidochelys
Chelonia
Eretmochelys
Natator
Dermochelys |} Sea turtles are large, ocean-dwelling turtles. There are seven species of sea turtle, all endangered:

Family Cheloniidae

• Subfamily Carettinae
  • Genus Caretta
    • Caretta caretta (Loggerhead Sea Turtle )
  • Genus Lepidochelys
    • Lepidochelys olivacea (Olive Ridley)
    • Lepidochelys kempii (Kemp's Ridley )
• Subfamily Cheloniinae
  • Genus Chelonia
    • Chelonia mydas (Green Sea Turtle )
  • Genus Eretmochelys
    • Eretmochelys imbricata (Hawksbill Sea Turtle)
  • Genus Natator
    • Natator depressa (Flat Back Turtle ) (Previously in Chelonia)
• Subfamily Dermochelyidae
  • Genus Dermochelys
    • Dermochelys coriacea (Leatherback Sea Turtle)

Sea turtles are found in all the world's oceans besides the Arctic Ocean, and some species travel between oceans. The Flatback turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia. The Leatherback is the largest, measuring six or seven feet (2 m) in length at maturity, and three to five feet (1 to 1.5 m) in width, weighing up to 1300 pounds (600 kg). Most other species are smaller being two to four feet in length (0.5 to 1 m) and proportionally less wide.

Different species are distinguished by varying anatomical aspects: for instance the prefrontal scales on the head, the number of and shape of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes on the plastron. The Leatherback is the only sea turtle that doesn't have a hard shell instead carrying a mosaic of bony plates beneath its leathery skin.

Sea turtles have an extraordinary sense of time and location. They are highly sensitive to the Earth's magnetic field and probably use it to navigate. The fact that most species return to nest at the locations they were born at seems to indicate an imprint of that location's magnetic features. The ridley turtles are especially peculiar because instead of nesting individually like the other species, they come ashore in one mass arrival known as an "arribada" (the arrival). With the Kemp's ridley this occurs during the day and on only one beach in the entire world. The numbers used to range in the thousands but these days due to the effects of extensive egg poaching and hunting in previous years the numbers are in the hundreds.

After about 30 years of maturing an adult female sea turtle returns to the land to nest, usually on the same beach from which they hatched. This can take place every two to four years in maturity. They make from four to seven nests per nesting season. They dig a hole with their hind flippers and lay from 100 to 150 eggs in it (depending on the species) before covering it up and returning to the ocean. Some of the eggs are unfertilized 'dummy eggs' and the rest contain young turtles. Incubation takes about 2 months. When the eggs hatch, these baby turtles dig their way out and seek the ocean. Only a very small proportion of them (at most 1 in 100) will be successful, as many predators are waiting to eat them.

Threats to Sea Turtles

Sea turtles of all species are endangered. The Leatherback, Kemp's ridley, and Hawksbill turtles are listed as Critically Endangered. The Olive ridley, Loggerhead, and Green turtles are considered Endangered. And the Flat back is considered Data Deficient due to lack of research. They used to be hunted on a large scale in the whaling days for their meat, fat and shells. And coastal peoples have always gathered turtle eggs for consumption. These days though their biggest threat comes from long-line fishing, and as bycatch in shrimp nets, as well as over development on nesting beaches. Each year it is said that 40,000 turtles die from longlines alone. According to researchers at the 24th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology, in Costa Rica the Pacific Leatherback has ten years before extinction if nothing is done to reverse these problems. Small and inexpensive changes to fishing techniques, such as slightly larger hooks and traps from which sea turtles can escape, can dramatically cut the mortality rate.

Beach development is another area which has threatened sea turtles. Since sea turtles return to the same locations to nest, these areas may be protected. In some areas, such as the East coast of Florida, after the adult turtles lay their eggs, they are dug up and relocated to special fenced nurseries where they can be protected from beach traffic. Special lighting ordinances may also be enforced to prevent lights from shining on the beach and confusing young hatchlings.

External links

• Sea turtle news and research website http://www.seaturtle.org
• Conserving Turtles on a Global Scale http://www.panda.org/news_facts/publications/latin_america_caribbean/publication
  .cfm?uNewsID=12044&uLangId=1
• Turtle Trax http://www.turtles.org Dedicated to Hawaiian green turtles
• Sea Turtle, Inc. http://www.seaturtleinc.com/ - Kemp's ridley nesting protection, Padre Island National Seashore
• ITIS Taxonomy http://www.itis.usda.gov Taxonomic Serial No.: 173828
• Leatherback research http://www.floridaleatherbacks.com