|
|
|
Royal Thai General System of Transcription
The Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) is the official system for rendering Thai in the Latin alphabet. It is used in road signs and government publications, and is the closest thing to a standard of transcription for Thai.
Features
Prominent features of the Royal Thai General System include:
- uses only straight letters from the latin alphabet, no diacritics
- spells all vowels and diphthongs using only vowel letters: a, e, i, o, u
- simple letters (a, e, i, o, u) are simple vowels (same value as in IPA)
- combinations with "e" (ae, oe, ue) are simple vowels (first two same value as similar ligatures in IPA)
- combinations with "a", "i", "o" (or several) are diphthongs
- uses consonants as in IPA, except:
- combinations with "h" are used for aspirated k, p, t (similar to letter with superscript h in IPA), to distinguish them from the separate unaspirated k, p, t
- uses "ng" for IPA
- uses "ch" for IPA [tʃ] and [c]
- uses "y" for IPA [j]
- note that transcription of consonants in final position is according to pronunciation, not spelling
Criticism
The Royal Thai General System has been criticized as inadequate for learners of Thai, particularly because of the following shortcomings:
- it does not record tones
- it does not differentiate between short and long vowels
- it does not differentiate between IPA [tʃ] and IPA [c] (see table below)
- it does not differentiate between IPA [ɔ] and IPA [o] (see table below)
|
Letter 1 |
Letter 2 |
RTGS |
Thai |
IPA |
Description |
English |
Thai |
IPA |
Description |
English |
ch |
จ |
c |
|
as "ty" in "let you" |
ฉ, ช, ฌ |
tʃ |
|
as "ch" in "check" |
o |
โอะ, – |
o |
close-mid back
short rounded |
like "oa" in "boat" |
เอาะ |
ɔ |
open-mid back
short rounded |
like "aw" in "raw", but shorter |
โอ |
o: |
close-mid back
long rounded |
like "oa" in "moan" |
ออ |
ɔ: |
open-mid back
long rounded |
like "aw" in "raw" |
Consonants
Letter |
Initial position |
Final position |
ก |
k |
k |
ข |
kh |
k |
ฃ |
kh |
k |
ค |
kh |
k |
ฅ |
kh |
k |
ฆ |
kh |
k |
ง |
ng |
ng |
จ |
ch |
t |
ฉ |
ch |
t |
ช |
ch |
t |
ซ |
s |
t |
ฌ |
ch |
t |
ญ |
y |
n |
ฎ |
d |
t |
ฏ |
t |
t |
ฐ |
th |
t |
ฑ |
d |
t |
ฒ |
th |
t |
ณ |
n |
n |
ด |
d |
t |
ต |
t |
t |
ถ |
th |
t |
ท |
th |
t |
ธ |
th |
t |
น |
n |
n |
บ |
b |
p |
ป |
p |
p |
ผ |
ph |
p |
ฝ |
f |
p |
พ |
ph |
p |
ฟ |
f |
p |
ภ |
ph |
p |
ม |
m |
m |
ย |
y |
- |
ร |
r |
n |
ฤ |
rue, ri, roe |
- |
ฤๅ |
rue |
- |
ล |
l |
n |
ฦ |
lue |
- |
ฦๅ |
lue |
- |
ว |
w |
- |
ศ |
s |
t |
ษ |
s |
t |
ส |
s |
t |
ห |
h |
- |
ฬ |
l |
n |
ฮ |
h |
- |
Vowels
Letter |
Romanisation |
อะ, –ั, รร (plus final), อา |
a |
รร (without final) |
an |
อำ |
am |
อิ, อี |
i |
อึ, อื |
ue |
อุ, อู |
u |
เอะ, เ–็, เอ |
e |
แอะ, แอ |
ae |
โอะ, –, โอ, เอาะ, ออ |
o |
เออะ, เ–ิ, เออ |
oe |
เอียะ, เอีย |
ia |
เอือะ, เอือ |
uea |
อัวะ, อัว, –ว– |
ua |
ใอ, ไอ, อัย, ไอย, อาย |
ai |
เอา, อาว |
ao |
อุย |
ui |
โอย, ออย |
oi |
เอย |
oei |
เอือย |
ueai |
อวย |
uai |
อิว |
io |
เอ็ว, เอว |
eo |
แอ็ว, แอว |
aeo |
เอียว |
iao |
Reference
External link
Last updated: 05-21-2005 19:40:32
|
|
|
|
|
|