Ray Charles (September 23, 1930 – June 10, 2004) was a pioneering pianist and soul singer whom Frank Sinatra called the only genius in the business. He helped shape the sound of rhythm and blues and brought a soulful sound to everything from country music to pop standard s to a now-iconic rendition of America the Beautiful.

Contents

1 Early years 2 Middle years 3 Later years 4 Last performances 5 Recognition in Halls of Fame 6 Controversies 7 Quotations 8 Sample 9 Suggested reading 10 External links

Early years

He was born Ray Charles Robinson in Albany, Georgia, shortening his name when he entered show business to avoid confusion with boxer Sugar Ray Robinson. Charles began going blind at around age five and was totally blind by age seven. He said that the causes were undiagnosed, but many believe it was as a result of glaucoma. Just before his eyes began to fail, he had seen his younger brother, George, drown in a washtub. He attended school at the St. Augustine School for the Deaf and the Blind in St. Augustine, Florida as a charity case; he learned how to read Braille, as well as to write music and play various instruments. While he was there, his mother, who had raised him, died.

After leaving school, Charles began working as a musician in Florida, eventually moving to Seattle, Washington in 1947. He soon started recording, achieving his first hit song with "Baby, Let Me Hold Your Hand" (1951).

Early influences on his work were Nat King Cole (both his vocals and piano playing) and Charles Brown. While his first recordings were only skillful imitations of his heroes, Charles's music soon became more innovative. He toured with Lowell Fulson and worked with Guitar Slim and Ruth Brown. After joining Atlantic Records, Charles's sound become more and more original and groundbreaking as he took the feel, and many tunes, from gospel music and put them to secular lyrics performed in front of a jazz lineup playing R&B with exceptionally tight arrangements, with an occasional nod to country music, such as his version of Hank Snow's "I'm Moving On".

Middle years

His first hit in this mode was "Mess Around," which was based on the 1929 classic "Pinetop's Boogie Woogie" by Pinetop Smith. He had another hit with the raplike urban jive of "It Should Have Been Me", but went into high gear with the gospel drive of "I Got A Woman" (1955). This was followed by "This Little Girl of Mine", "Drown in My Own Tears", "Hallelujah I Love Her So," and "Lonely Avenue", half of them gospel songs converted with secular lyrics, the others blues ballads.

Although Charles was criticized for singing gospel songs with secular lyrics, there is a long tradition of putting religious lyrics to popular songs and vice versa. See Thomas A. Dorsey, one of the founders of gospel music, who also had a significant career in secular music. Solomon Burke and Little Richard also moved between the two styles.

After an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival he achieved mainstream success with "(The Night Time is) The Right Time" and his signature song, "What'd I Say". The essence of this phase of his career can be heard on his live album Ray Charles In Person, recorded before a mostly African American audience in Atlanta in 1958. This album also features the first public performance of "What'd I Say". It broke out as a hit in Atlanta from the tape, months before it was recorded in the studio in a two-part version with better fidelity.

Charles had already begun to go beyond the limits of his blues-gospel synthesis while still at Atlantic, which now called him The Genius. He recorded with large orchestras and with jazz artists like Milt Jackson and even made his first country music cover with Hank Snow's "I'm Movin' On".

Then, he did move on, to ABC Records. At ABC, Charles had a great deal of control over his music, and broadened his approach, not on experimental side projects, but with out and out pop music, resulting in such hits as "Unchain My Heart" and "Hit the Road, Jack". In 1962, Charles surprised his new, broad audience with his landmark album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , which included the numbers "I Can't Stop Loving You" and "You Don't Know Me". This was followed by a series of hits, including "You Are My Sunshine", "Crying Time", "Busted" and "Take These Chains From My Heart".

Later years

In 1965, Charles was arrested for possession of heroin, a drug to which he had been addicted for seventeen years. It was his third arrest for the offense; he avoided jail time after kicking the habit in a clinic in Los Angeles. He spent a year on parole and defiantly released Ashford and Simpson's "Lets Go Get Stoned" (1966).

Since the 1960s, Charles's releases have been hit-or-miss, with some massive hits and critically acclaimed work, and some music that has been dismissed as unoriginal and staid. He concentrated largely on live performances, although his version of "Georgia On My Mind", a Hoagy Carmichael song originally written for a girl named Georgia, was a hit and soon was proclaimed the state song of Georgia, with Charles performing it on the floor of the state legislature. He also had success with his unique version of "America the Beautiful". In 1980 Charles gave a musical cameo appearance in The Blues Brothers.

In the late 1980s, a number of events increased Ray's recognition among young audiences. In 1985, "Night Time is the Right Time" was featured in the episode "Happy Anniversary" of The Cosby Show. Cast members used the song to perform a wildly popular lip synch that helped the show secure its wide viewership. In 1986, he collaborated with Billy Joel on "Baby Grand" for Joel's album The Bridge. In 1987, Charles guest starred in the episode "Hit the Road, Chad", of Who's the Boss. Charles performed the song, "Always a Friend". Charles' new connection with audiences helped secure a spokesmanhip for Diet Pepsi. In this highly successful advertising campaign, Charles popularized the catchphrase "You've got the right one, baby!" At the height of his newfound fame in the early nineties, Charles did guest vocals for quite a few projects. These included the INXS song "Please (You've Got That...)", on the Full Moon, Dirty Hearts album, as well as the theme song for Designing Women in its sixth season.

Last performances

One of Charles's last public performances was in 2003 at a televised annual electronic media journalist banquet held in Washington, DC. President George W. Bush was in the audience where he performed "Georgia On My Mind" and "America the Beautiful", though the singer was a bit slower and had some more vocal difficulty than in his younger days. Ray Charles's final public appearance came on April 30, 2004, at the dedication of his music studio as an historic landmark in the city of Los Angeles.

He died at age 73 of liver disease at his home in Beverly Hills, California surrounded by family and friends. He was interred in the Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.

His final album, Genius Loves Company, released after his death, consists of duets with various admirers and contemporaries, including B.B. King, Van Morrison, Willie Nelson, James Taylor, Elton John, Bonnie Raitt, Diana Krall, Norah Jones, and Johnny Mathis. Unlike a similar Frank Sinatra album, the duets were recorded face to face, with both performers in the studio at the same time.

Charles was significantly involved in the critically-acclaimed biopic Ray, a film released in October 2004 which portrayed his life and career between 1930 and 1966 and starred Jamie Foxx as Charles. Before shooting could begin, however, director Taylor Hackford brought Foxx to meet Charles, who heard that the younger man was an accomplished pianist and insisted that they sit down at two pianos and jam. For two hours, Charles challenged Foxx, who revealed the depth of his talent, and finally, Charles stood up, hugged himself, and proclaimed, "He's the one...he can do it," thus giving his blessing.

The film's credits note he was survived by 12 children, 21 grandchildren, and five great grandchildren.

Recognition in Halls of Fame

He was an original inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame , the Blues Hall of Fame , the Songwriters' Hall of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, the Jazz Hall of Fame, the Georgia Music Hall of Fame , the Florida Artists Hall of Fame , and the Playboy Hall of Fame .

Controversies

Despite his support of Martin Luther King, Jr., in the 1960s and his support for the civil rights movement Charles courted controversy when he toured South Africa in 1981 despite an international boycott of the country because of its apartheid policy. He faced pickets in South Africa and in 15 North American cities he toured subsequently including Albany, Los Angeles, New York and Toronto. The United Nations agency supporting the boycott asked him to apologize and promise not to visit South Africa until the abolition of apartheid to which he responded that they could "kindly kiss (my) far end". Despite having described himself as a "Hubert Humphrey Democrat", Charles accepted $100,000 to perform America the Beautiful at Ronald Reagan's second inaugural ball. In response to criticism, his manager, Roy Adams, commented: "for that kind of money we would have sung "America the Beautiful" at a Ku Klux Klan rally."

A notorious ladies' man, Charles was married twice and fathered twelve children by seven different women. In a 60 Minutes profile, he admitted to Ed Bradley that he "auditioned" his female back-up singers. The saying was, "To be a Raelet, you've got to let Ray".

From the time of his switch from straight rhythm and blues with a combo, Charles was often accused of selling out. Charles left behind his classic formulation of rhythm and blues to sing country music, pop songs, and soft-drink commercials. In the process, he went from a niche audience to worldwide fame.

Quotations

• "When I started to sing like myself — as opposed to imitating Nat Cole, which I had done for a while — when I started singing like Ray Charles, it had this spiritual and churchy, this religious or gospel sound. It had this holiness and preachy tone to it. It was very controversial. I got a lot of criticism for it." — (San Jose Mercury News, 1994)

• "Do it right or don’t do it at all. That comes from my mom. If there’s something I want to do, I’m one of those people that won’t be satisfied until I get it done. If I’m trying to sing something and I can’t get it, I’m going to keep at it until I get where I want it." — (Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel, 1998)

• "The fact of the matter is, you don’t give up what’s natural. Anything I’ve fantasized about, I’ve done." — (Los Angeles Times, 1989)

Sample

• Download OGG sample of "What'd I Say"

Suggested reading

• Brother Ray: Ray Charles' Own Story by Ray Charles & David Ritz (Da Capo, ISBN 0306813351). Doubleday; (October 1, 1978).

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about Ray Charles

External links

• Official website http://www.raycharles.com/ , including discography http://www.raycharles.com/discography.aspx
• The Genius Of Ray Charles http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/14/60minutes/main649346.shtml , an article about an 1986 segment on Charles from 60 Minutes
• No Ray of Hope http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2004-11-04/news_story6.php , a critical article regarding Charles' politics by a Toronto journalist