Online Encyclopedia Search Tool

Your Online Encyclopedia

 

Online Encylopedia and Dictionary Research Site

Online Encyclopedia Free Search Online Encyclopedia Search    Online Encyclopedia Browse    welcome to our free dictionary for your research of every kind

Online Encyclopedia



Nilo-Saharan languages


The Nilo-Saharan languages are a group of African languages spoken mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers, including Nubia. Roughly 11 million people spoke Nilo-Saharan languages as of 1987, according to Merritt Ruhlen 's estimate. The family is internally extremely diverse - far more so than Indo-European, or even Afro-Asiatic - and is somewhat controversial, with some linguists denying its validity.

According to Joseph H. Greenberg as initially modified by Lionel Bender (and adopted by the Ethnologue), they are classified into the following branches:

  1. Komuz languages
  2. Saharan languages (including Kanuri language)
  3. Songhay languages
  4. Fur languages (including Fur language)
  5. Maban languages
  6. (Chari-Nile languages - later rejected, placing the 4 branches below on an equal footing with those above)
    1. Central Sudanic languages
    2. Kunama language
    3. Berta language
    4. Eastern Sudanic languages (including Nubian languages and Nilotic languages)

The Ethnologue, following Anbessa Tefera and Peter Unseth , consider the Shabo language to be Nilo-Saharan, but otherwise unclassified. It is sometimes considered a language isolate.

Some linguists, including Roger Blench , consider the Kadu languages (also called Kadugli languages or Tumtum) to be Nilo-Saharan, while others follow Greenberg in classing them as Kordofanian languages.

The extinct Meroitic language of ancient Kush has sometimes been suggested as a probable member of Nilo-Saharan; however, too little is known of the language to classify it with any confidence. The same may reasonably be said of the rather more recently extinct Oropom language in Uganda, for whom connections with Kuliak or Nilotic have been suggested.

Contents

Classification

Bender 1989

Lionel Bender classifies them as follows:

  1. Censored page
  2. Saharan languages and Rub languages
  3. Maban languages and Fur languages
  4. Berta language
  5. Kunama language
  6. Core Nilo-Saharan languages
    1. Eastern Sudanic languages
    2. Central Sudanic languages
    3. Komuz languages
    4. Kadu language

Ehret 2001

In his reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan, Christopher Ehret classifies them in a more detailed fashion, as follows:

  • Koman languages
  • Sudanic languages
    • Central Sudanic languages
    • North Sudanic languages
      • Kunama language
      • Saharo-Sahelian languages
        • Saharan languages
        • Sahelian languages
          • For languages
          • Trans-Sahel languages
            • Western Sahelian languages
            • Eastern Sahelian languages
              • Astaboran languages
                • Nara language
                • Western Astaboran languages
                  • Nubian languages
                  • Taman languages
              • Kir-Abbaian languages
                • Jebel languages
                • Kir languages
                  • Nuba Mountains languages
                  • Daju languages
                  • Surma-Nilotic languages
              • Rub languages (Ik et al.)

External links

  • Ethnologue http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=12
  • Roger Blench http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/Language%20data/NS%20language%20list.p
    df
  • Nilo-Saharan Newsletter http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/nilsah/index.html



Last updated: 02-07-2005 16:18:26
Last updated: 03-18-2005 11:16:12