Math rock is a style of avant-garde noise rock that emerged in the late 1980s. It is characterised by complex, atypical rhythmic structures, stop/start dynamics and angular, dissonant riffs seen by some as mathematical in their complexity.

The style grew out of the broader noise rock scene active in Chicago, Washington, DC, and Louisville, Kentucky. The Jesus Lizard, Fugazi, and Big Black are key influences to this genre, and the Slint LP Spiderland was a catalyst in jumpstarting this genre. Bastro , however, predates this.

Perhaps the most defining example of the sound, and the one most deserving of the mathematical allusion, is Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, four-piece Don Caballero , who successfully blended heavy noise rock sounds with notable avant-garde jazz influences.

Craw offered a more metal-edged version of the sound, while also incorporating influences from early-20th century Modernist composers. The Turing Machine blended the style with electronic deconstruction and loops.

The sub-sub-genre of math metal has been cited by some, including a member of Mudvayne, who reportedly coined the term. While similar to math rock, math metal typically features more overt heavy metal influence and trappings.

By the turn of the 21st century, the genre had, like most musical movements identified in the ever-shifting and elusive underground rock scene, been roundly disavowed by any band labeled with the 'math rock' moniker. However, the influences of the movement can clearly be heard in the abiding avant-garde and indie rock scenes. The Asheville, North Carolina, trio Ahleuchatistas offer an evolving perspective on the genre.