Online Encyclopedia
List of fruits
Here are lists of all the fruits considered edible in some cuisine. Note that many true fruits are considered to be vegetables in the culinary sense (for example, the tomato), and hence do not appear in this article. There exist also many fruits that are edible but for various reasons have not become popular.
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Temperate fruits
Fruits of temperate climates are almost universally borne on trees or woody shrubs or lianas. They will not grow adequately in the tropics, as they need a period of cold (a chilling requirement) each year before they will flower. The apple, pear, cherry, and plum are the most widely grown and eaten, owing to their adaptability. Many other fruits are important regionally but do not figure prominently in commerce. Many sorts of small fruit on this list are gathered from the wild, just as they were in Neolithic times.
Rosaceae family
The Family Rosaceae dominates the temperate fruits, both in numbers and in importance. The pome fruits, stone fruits, brambles, strawberry, and rosehip are fruits of plants in Rosaceae.
The pome fruits:
- Apple and crabapple (Malus spp.)
- Chokeberry also called cooking apple (Aronia spp.)
- Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)
- Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)
- Juneberry or saskatoon (Amelanchier spp.)
- Loquat (Eryobotrya japonica)
- Medlar (Mespilus germanica)
- Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
- Pear, European and Asian species (Pyrus spp.)
- Quince (Cydonia oblonga and Chaenomeles spp.)
- Rowan (Sorbus spp.)
- Service tree (Sorbus domestica), the fruit known as sorb or sorb apple
- Rose hip, the fruitlike base of roses (Rosa spp.); used mostly for jams and herbal tea
The stone fruits, drupes of genus Prunus:
- Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
- Cherry, sweet, sour, and wild species (Prunus avium, P. cerasus, and others)
- Plum, of which there are several domestic and wild species; dried plums are called prunes
- Peach (of the normal and white variety) and its variant the nectarine (Prunus persica)
- Hybrids of the preceding species, such as the pluot
Berries
In non-technical usage, berry means any small fruit that can be eaten whole and lacks objectionable seeds. The bramble fruits, compound fruit s of genus Rubus, are some of the most popular pseudo-berries:
- Blackberry, of which there are many species and hybrids, such as dewberry, boysenberry, and loganberry (genus Rubus)
- Raspberry, several species (genus Rubus)
- Cloudberry
- Wineberry
The true berries are dominated by the family Ericaceae, many of which are hardy in the subarctic:
- Bearberry
- Bilberry or whortleberry (Vaccinium spp.)
- Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)
- Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.)
- Huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.)
- Lingonberry
Other berries not in the Rosaceae or Ericaceae:
- Barberry (Berberis; Berberidaceae )
- Currant (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae), red, black, and white types
- Elderberry (Sambucus; Caprifoliaceae)
- Gooseberry (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae)
- Honeysuckle: the berries of some species (called honeyberries) are edible, others are poisonous (Lonicera spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
- Nannyberry or sheepberry (Viburnum spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
- Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides; Elaeagnaceae)
- Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum, Lycium spp.; Solanaceae)
- Crowberry (Empetrum spp.; Empetraceae )
- Mulberry (Morus spp.; Moracaceae )
Fruits of Asian origin
Some fruits native to Asia that were not common elsewhere until the 20th century:
- Goumi
- Kiwi fruit or Chinese gooseberry (Actinidia spp.; Actinidiaceae)
- Persimmon (Diospyros kaki; Ebenaceae)
Fruits of American origin
Some other tree fruits native to North America that are eaten in a small way:
- Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argenta; Elaeagnaceae), which grows wild in the prairies of Canada
- American grape: North American species (e.g., Vitis labrusca; Vitaceae) and American-European hybrids are grown where Vitis vinifera is not hardy and are used as rootstock s
- Pawpaw (Asimina triloba; Annonaceae), not to be confused with Carica papaya, which is called pawpaw in some English dialects)
- American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana; Ebenaceae)
Cacti
Several cacti yield edible fruits, which are important traditional foods for some Native American peoples:
- Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.)
- Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea)
- Pitaya
- numerous other species of cacti
Melons
Some exceptions to the statement that temperate fruits grow on woody perennials are:
- Melon (Cucumis melo): cantaloupe and other muskmelons, honeydew
- Sunberry or wonderberry (Solanum spp.)
- Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris)
Accessory fruits
The accessory fruits, seed organs which are not botanically berries at all::
- Strawberry (Fragaria spp.)
Vegetables
A few vegetables are sometimes colloquially, but incorrectly, termed as "fruit" in the kitchen:
- Angelica
- Rhubarb: stems used in pies and country wine
Mediterranean and subtropical fruits
Fruits in this category are not hardy to extreme cold, as the preceding temperate fruits are, yet tolerate some frost and may have a modest chilling requirement. Notable among these are natives of the Mediterranean:
- Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas; Cornaceae)
- Fig (Ficus spp. Moraceae)
- Grape, called raisin, sultana, or currant when dried (Vitis spp.; Vitaceae)
- Jujube (Ziziphus zizyphus; Rhamnaceae)
- Black mulberry (Morus nigra; Moraceae)
- Pomegranate (Punica granatum; Punicaceae)
- Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera; Arecaceae)
- Olive (Olea europea; Oleaceae)
In the important genus Citrus (Rutaceae), some members are tropical, tolerating no frost. All common species of commerce are somewhat hardy:
- Citron (Citrus medica)
- Grapefruit and its predecesor the pommelo (also known as the shaddock) (Citrus paradisi)
- Key Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)
- Kumquat (Fortunella spp.)
- Lemon (Citrus limon)
- Lime (Citrus aurantifolia x medica) (an important hybrid of the Key Lime and the Citron)
- Mandarin (Citrus reticulata), clementine (Citrus reticulata var. Clementine), tangelo (Citrus tangelo), tangerine, and similar
- Orange, of which there are sweet (Citrus sinensis) and sour (Citrus aurantium) species
- Ugli fruit, a hybrid
Other subtropical fruits:
- Guava (Psidium guajava; Myrtaceae)
- Longan (Euphoria longan; Sapindaceae)
- Lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae)
- Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis and other Passiflora spp.)
- Tamarillo or Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea; Solanaceae)
- Feijoa (Feijoa sellowiana; Myrtaceae)
Tropical fruits
Tropical fruit grow on plants of all habitats. The only characteristic that they share is an intolerance of frost.
- Akee (Blighia sapida)
- Banana and its starchy variant the plantain (Musacea spp.)
- Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
- Burmese grape (Baccaurea sapida)
- CamuCamu (Myrciaria dubia), also called guavaberry
- Carambola (Averrhoa carambola), also called star fruit
- Cempedak (Artocarpus champeden)
- Cherimoya (Annona cherimola)
- Coconut (Cocos spp.)
- Custard apple (Annona reticulata)
- Dragonfruit (Hylocereus spp.), also called pitaya
- Durian (Durio spp.)
- Guarana (Paullinia cupana)
- Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), also called nangka
- Keppel fruit (Stelechocarpus burakol)
- Langsat (Lansium domesticum), also called longkong or duku
- Mabolo , (Diospyros discolor) also known as a velvet persimmon
- Mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota)
- Mamoncillo (Melicoccus bijugatus), also known as quenepa or genip
- Mango (Mangifera indica)
- Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana)
- Marang (Artocarpus odoratissima), a breadfruit relative
- Papaya (Carica papaya)
- Peanut butter fruit (Bunchosia argentea)
- Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
- Poha (Physalis peruviana)
- Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)
- Rose apple (Eugenia/Syzygium aquem), also called Malay apple
- Salak (Salacca edulis), also called snakefruit
- Sapodilla (Achras/Manilkara zapota), also called chiku , mespel , naseberry , sapadilla , snake fruit , sawo
- Soursop (Annona muricata), also called guanabana
- Star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito), also called caimito
- Sugar apple (Annona squamosa)
- Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
Nonedible fruit
- Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera)