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Levantine Arabic

Levantine Arabic is a group of Arabic dialects spoken in the 100 km-wide eastern-Mediterranean coastal strip, i.e. in western Syria, Palestine/Israel, western Jordan and Lebanon. This corresponds to the western wing of the Fertile Crescent, which clearly appears green on satellite photos.

To the East, in the Desert, the North Arabian Beduinic dialects are found. There is no transition to Egyptian dialects in the South due to the Sinai desert. In the North, between Aleppo and Euphrates valley, there may be a transition zone towards North Mesopotamian qeltu dialects (to be confirmed, since the Raqqah dialect in the Syrian Euphrates valley still seems to be quite close to South Iraqi and Beduinic dialects.)

It can be divided into six (mutually intelligible) sub-dialects

  • Lebanese dialects (Lebanon, Nusairieh Mountains in Syria)
  • Central Syrian (Damas to Hama)
  • Northern Syrian (Aleppo)
  • Rural Palestinian (Israel/Palestine down to Bethlehem), west Jordan.
  • Urban Palestinian (Hebron, Jerusalem, Haifa, Naplouse, Yafa, Nazareth, ...)
  • Bedouin Palestinian dialects in the southern Margins (Israel/Palestine, Jordan)

They are characterized against other Arabic dialects by

  • the fact that are those in the Arab world which retained best the original Arabic stress pattern (along with Hijazi dialects, maybe).
  • their common tendency to pronounce the final -ah of feminine as -eh.

Sub dialects can be distinguished by the following features:

  • Product of long /a/
  • products of diphtongs /ay/ and /aw/
  • Realisations of feminine ending -ah
  • Realizations of /k/, /q/ and /j/.
  • Conservation of interdentals þ/ð/Ð
  • vocalism and consonnatism of the plural suffix pronouns (here: -kum/-kunna - your (m./f.)
  • the form of the plural independent pronouns (here: hum/hunna - they (m./f.)

The table below shows how the variants are distributed.

Dialect aa  ay   aw  -ah  k   q   j  þ/ð/Ð -kum,-kunna They m/f
Lebanese ei aw -i k ',q Z, dZ t, d, D -kon (/-ken) hunne
Central Syrian e: o: -e ' k Z t, d, D -kon henne
Northern Syrian e: e: o: -e k ' dZ t, d, D -kon henne
Rural Palestinian a: e: o: -e, -a t$ k dZ þ, ð, Ð -kem/ -ken hemme/henne
Urban Palestinian a: e: o: -e k ' Z t, d, D -kom homme
Bedouin Palestinian a: e: o: -a t$ g dZ þ, ð, Ð -kom/ -ken homme/henne

For more information, see

Last updated: 04-29-2005 02:23:14
Last updated: 05-01-2005 03:32:30