Online Encyclopedia
Left-wing politics
In politics, left-wing, political left, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition to right-wing politics. Communism (as well as the Marxist philosophy that it relies on) and anarchism are considered to be radical forms of left-wing politics. (See political spectrum and left-right politics for more on the merits/limitations of this kind of classification.) The terminology of left-right politics was originally based on the seating-arrangement of parliamentary partisans, during the French Revolution. The more ardent proponents of radical revolutionary measures (including democracy and republicanism) were commonly referred to as leftists because they sat on the left side of successive legislative assemblies. As this original reference became obsolete, the meaning of the terms has changed as appropriate to the spectrum of ideas and stances being compared.
The term is also often used to characterize the politics of the Soviet Union and other one-party "communist states", although many (perhaps most) on the political left (including many Marxists) would not consider their own politics to have anything significant in common with any of these states.
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6.1 An anti-war movement forms |
Left wing issues
Equality, social justice, labor rights and trade unionism, concern for the poor, working class solidarity and internationalism are the values typically associated with the left wing of the political spectrum. The left is against hierarchy and authority, strict adherence to tradition, monoculturalism, privilege for the wealthy, and other values commonly associated with the political right. Those on the left are sometimes called "progressive", a term that arose from their self-identification as the side of (social) "progress".
History of the term
Although it may seem ironic in terms of present-day usage, the original "leftists" during the French Revolution were the largely bourgeois supporters of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets. As the electorate expanded beyond property-holders, these relatively wealthy elites found themselves clearly victorious over the old aristocracy and the remnants of feudalism, but newly opposed by the growing and increasingly organized and politicized workers and wage-earners. The "left" of 1789 would, in some ways be part of the present-day "right", liberal with regard to the rights of property and intellect, but not embracing notions of distributive justice, rights for organized labor, etc.
The European left has traditionally shown a smooth continuum between non-communist and communist parties (including such hybrids as eurocommunism), which have sometimes allied with more moderate leftists to present a united front. In the United States, however, no avowedly socialist or communist party ever became a major player in national politics, although the Social Democratic Party of Eugene V. Debs and its successor Socialist Party of America (in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century) and the Communist Party of the United States of America (in the 1930s) made some inroads. While many American "liberals" would be "social democrats" in European terms, very few of them openly embrace the term "left"; in America, the term is mainly embraced by New Left activists, certain portions of the labor movement, and people who see their intellectual or political heritage as descending from 19th-century socialist movements.
The "New Left" has had varying degrees of unity since its rise in the 1960s, and can be seen as a coalition of numerous distinct movements, including (but not limited to) feminists, greens, some labor unions, some atheists, some gay rights activists, and some minority ethnic and racially oriented civil rights groups. Many Greens deny that green politics is "on the left"; nonetheless, their economic policies can generally be considered left-wing, and when they have formed political coalitions (most notably in Germany, but also in local governments elsewhere), it has almost always been with groups that would generally be classified as being on the left.
Leftism and the Soviet Union
Much as fascism is generally included in "the right", despite important differences from other rightists, Soviet-style state communism is generally included in "the left", despite important differences from other leftists. Some argue that (in spite of its use of socialist rhetoric), Soviet-style communism should be viewed independently of the conventional left-right spectrum: this case has, perhaps, been made most eloquently by Karl Popper, through his development of the concept of totalitarianism. Critics of democratic socialism or of left-liberalism have often used the association of communism with Soviet-style politics to tar the political left with the perceived crimes of Stalinism, but these accusations are usually little more than rhetorical devices (similar to the ones used by some critics of conservativism or other right-wing ideologies in associating the political right with fascism).
In the days of the Soviet Union, leftist movements worldwide had different relationships with Moscow-line communist parties, ranging from enthusiastic support to outright opposition. Even today, some parts of the radical left extol all or some aspects of Soviet-style communism or that of Maoist China, while others loath the perceived crimes of those regimes and denounce them at every turn. For example, most Trotskyists adhere to some variant of Leon Trotsky's view of the post-Lenin Soviet Union as a "degenerated workers' state" and denounce Stalin as a traitor, while the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA takes the opposite view and continues to praise the Chinese Cultural Revolution.
Some critics of the left claim that leftist movements lost their moorings – or their rationale – after the collapse of the European communist states (beginning in 1989 and ending with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991). However, large segments of the left never took inspiration from the Soviet model and actually rejoiced to see the USSR's system collapse -- as Michael Albert of Z Magazine put it, "one down, one to go" (referring to Stalinism and capitalism).
Leftism and postmodernism
A few self-described leftists also subscribe to postmodernism, including deconstructionism, a philosophical point of view that claims that every text "contains the allegory of its own deconstruction" and thereby questions the possibility of rational discourse. (Most postmodernists see themselves as leftists, but most leftists are not postmodernists.) Critics on the right have generally seen this as an indication of the poorly thought-out, fashionable nature of academic leftism. However, there are many on the left who say that postmodernism makes no sense and offers no useful political lessons.
Some critics of the left also suggest that deconstructionism is not the only Nietzschean element in contemporary leftism, pointing to older, mistaken interpretations of Nietzsche as the font of moral relativism and the "God is dead" philosophy, both of which they see as characterizing the perceived nihilism of modern leftist politics. On the other hand, most leftists consider such accusations to be completely baseless and incorrect; this is especially true of religious leftists, many of whom hold the ideas of moral relativism and nihilism in less than low regard.
Leftism and Neo-leftism in China
The 1949 victory of the Chinese Revolution brought to power the then ultra-leftist Chinese Communist Party of Mao Zedong, who, over the next quarter of a century attempted the radical transformation of society through the Great Leap Forward and the Chinese Cultural Revolution. After Mao's death, it became the conventional wisdom among China's leadership that these attempts had been a disaster. Although it has retained its name, the Chinese Communist Party today has abandoned Communism in its economic policies, pursuing instead an agenda of economic liberalization, beginning in the 1980s with the Four Modernizations of Deng Xiaoping. The Chinese government, however, has remained rigidly authoritarian; socially and politically, it is still commonly viewed as repressive, though far less so than in Mao's time. Most leading Chinese dissidents are political and social liberals.
In contrast both to the government and the liberal dissidents, Chinese neo-leftism, embracing postmodernism and Chinese nationalism, and opposed both to democracy and to what they see as a return of China to the capitalist world, arose as a political idea during the mid-1990s. Neo-leftism is seen as being more appealing to students in China today than liberalism, as problems faced by China during its modernisation such as inequality and the widening gap between the rich and the poor are becoming more serious.
Leftism, Pacifism and "War on Terror"
See main article Post-September 11 anti-war movement
After the September 11 terrorist attacks, the immediate, worldwide reaction was widely described as "shock". [1], [2] [3] No national government claimed connection to the attacks and the governments most associated with Islamism sought to distance themselves from the attacks. [4] [5][6] On the left, condemnation of the attacks was equally general, although often including (even in the days immediately after the attack) condemnation of ostensibly related aspects of U.S. policies [7] [8] [9] U.S. elected officials generally identified as being on the left also joined in strongly condemning the attacks, without even choosing to point out a context. [10] Three days after the attacks, Congress passed a resolution authorizing President Bush to use force against "those responsible". The Senate voted 98-0, the House 420-1, with only Barbara Lee (D-California) dissenting. [11], [12]
An anti-war movement forms
See main article Post-September 11 anti-war movement (section)
Within days of the September 11 events, it was widely (though not universally) agreed that the attacks were carried out by al-Qaida. Many Muslims though less so among Muslims in the U.S. [13] [14], along with a small segment of the left placed the blame elsewhere. A much larger minority of the left concurred with the clear majority of Muslims that a military attack on Afghanistan was not the correct answer to the September 11 events, a view even more widespread with respect to the later attack on Iraq.
Within weeks, it became clear that Bush intended a set of changes to U.S. criminal law and immigration law and an invasion of Afghanistan. The left was somewhat fragmented with respect to the invasion of Afghanistan. [15] [16] [17] Nonetheless, an international anti-war movement began to arise; in the U.S. and other countries whose governments enacted legislation analogous to the PATRIOT Act, it was equally a movement in protest of what were perceived on the left to be assaults on civil liberties and immigrant rights.
Most prominent in this loose coalition were leftists; pacifists and others with longtime associations with global peace movements; and Arabs and Muslims, including, but by no means limited to, Islamists. The predominant arguments against the Afghanistan invasion and the subsequent invasion of Iraq were on the grounds of pacifism, international law, opposition to perceived U.S. imperialism; disbelief in the sincerity of the U.S.'s stated war aims, belief that the wars were motivated by neocolonialism and petroleum politics; that war would bring unnecessary suffering on the people of Afghanistan and that it was not the most effective way to dislodge or isolate al-Qaida; and, in a few cases, denial of al-Qaida's responsibility for the September 11 attacks.
Many Islamists and Arabs, and a few leftists, saw the military campaigns as battles in a religious war -- a crusade -- against Islam. This was the obverse of the ideas expressed, for example, by Samuel P. Huntington in The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.
Left and anti-war in the U.S.
See main article Post-September 11 anti-war movement (section)
The most prominent U.S.-based movement groups are Act Now to Stop War and End Violence (ANSWER) , Not in Our Name (NION), and United for Peace and Justice (UFPJ). ANSWER and (to a lesser degree) NION have been targets of much criticism from within the left [18] for their respective associations with the Workers World Party [19] [20] and the Revolutionary Communist Party. Right-wing critics have also siezed on these relationships, pointing at them to claim that these small parties "dominate" the anti-war movement.[21] Critics of ANSWER and NION from within the anti-war movement (such as Michael Albert and Stephen R. Shalom writing in Z ) generally urged support for these groups' rallies, depite their qualms, arguing that most people at a "...demonstration will in fact be unaware of exactly who said what and whether any particular speaker omitted this or that point. What they will experience will be a powerful antiwar protest. And most of the public will see it that way too." [22]
The groups have collaborated at times on events, although collaboration has not always been easy. In perhaps the most infamous incident, Rabbi Michael Lerner was banned from speaking at a February 16, 2003 anti-war rally in San Francisco, less than a month before the U.S. invaded Iraq. It was generally believed that this was done at ANSWER's behest, because Lerner had been critical of what he perceives as ANSWER's anti-Israel politics. Lerner, though irked that NION and UFPJ did not stand up for his inclusion as a speaker, continued to encourage people to attend the rally. [23], [24]
Left and anti-war in Europe
See main article Post-September 11 anti-war movement (section)
Popular opposition to war on Iraq in Europe climaxed in an international sychronized anti-war demonstration around the world on February 15, 2003. Strong anti-American sentiments were expressed at most of these anti-war protests.
Many European countries have large and growing Muslim minorities. In some groups, such as the British Stop the War Coalition, Muslims have taken leading positions. However, the presence of extremists and alleged Islamists[25], as well as many anti-Israeli slogans, have caused that these anti-war rallies have been seen by some commentators to have been "hijacked" by them to become anti-Israeli, anti-Zionist and anti-Western events. In one case [26], the inflammatory atmosphere led to a serious case of violence against two Jewish teenagers. Aurélie Filipetti , a spokeswoman of the Green Party in Paris, criticized some of her fellow French left-wingers for creating an anti-Israeli atmosphere which encourages antisemitism.[27] (in Hebrew, partially translated at [28]) Other Jewish leftists have also been critical that the European left is tolerant of antisemitism when it comes from the "oppressed world" of the Arabs. [29] These accusations have generated great controversy, particularly because they come from within the Left itself.
Islamist allies?
See main article Post-September 11 anti-war movement (section)
Exiled Iranian writer Amir Taheri , goes much further, viewing portions of the anti-war movement in Western Europe as "an alliance between the radical Left and hard-line Islamists... built around three themes: hatred of the United States, the dream of wiping Israel off the map, and the hoped-for collapse of the global economic system." [30], [31] Taheri clearly views this alliance with Islamists as compromising traditional humanist values of the left and all "leftist" values in general; he clearly implies that this coalition could go on to embrace terrorism.
While many leftists have happily worked with Arab or Muslim groups in opposition to perceived U.S. or Israeli imperialism, alliances between leftists and Islamists are relatively unusual. More typical examples of leftists working in anti-war coalitions with Muslims would be the membership of American Muslims for Jerusalem in UFPJ or of the Muslim Student Association, American Muslims for Global Peace, and Atlanta Masjid of Al-Islam in ANSWER. These are Muslim groups, but they are not Islamist groups.
Political parties on the left
One might normally characterize the following parties as on the political left in their respective countries, though they might have relatively little in common with other left-wing groups beyond their opposition to the right.
Naturally, in all cases "left" and "right" are relative. For example, the Democratic Leadership Council (in which Bill Clinton was active) is generally considered to form the right wing of the U.S. Democratic Party, but in terms of the whole country he was generally perceived as being on the moderate left.
Australia
- Australian Greens
- Australian Labor Party
- Communist Party of Australia
- Socialist Alliance (Australia)
- Socialist Party (Australia)
Canada
- Canadian Federal Parties:
- Parties represented in the Canadian House of Commons:
- Parties not represented in the Canadian House of Commons, but registered with Elections Canada:
- Parties not represented in the Canadian House of Commons, nor registered with Elections Canada:
- Albertan Provincial Parties:
- Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Parties not represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- British Columbian Provincial Parties:
- Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Parties not represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Manitoban Provincial Parties:
- Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Parties not represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- New Brunswick's Provincial Parties:
- Parties Represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Newfoundland and Labrador's Provincial Parties:
- Parties represented in the House of Assembly:
- Parties not represented in the House of Assembly:
- Nova Scotian Political Parties:
- Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Parties not represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Ontarian Political Parties:
- Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Parties not represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Prince Edward Island's Political Parties:
- Parties not represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Quebec's Political Parties:
- Parties represented in the National Assembly:
- Parties not represented in the National Assembly:
- Saskatchewan's Political Parties:
- Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Parties not represented in the Legislative Assembly:
- Yukon's Political Parties:
- Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly:
Denmark
Estonia
- Social Democratic Party (Estonia) (centre-left)
- Estonian Social Democratic Labour Party (eurocommunistic)
Finland
- National Convention
- Finnish Social Democratic Party
- Finnish Left Alliance
- Finnish Communist Party
France
- French Communist Party
- French Socialist Party
- Les Verts (French Green Party)
- Parti Radical de Gauche (Left Radical party)
Germany
Greece
- PASOK - Panhellenic Socialist Movement (Socialist)
- KKE - Communist Party of Greece (Communist)
- SYN - Coalition of the left and progress (Radical Left)
- DI.K.KI - Democratic Social Movement (Democratic Socialist)
Ireland
This section is about the Republic of Ireland, for left-wing parties in Northern Ireland see the United Kingdom section below.
- Parties represented in the Dáil Éireann:
- Irish Green Party (An Comhaontas Glas)
- Irish Labour Party
- Sinn Féin
- Socialist Party of Ireland
There are also a number of Independent TD's in Ireland's parliament who would describe themselves as socialist or "left-wing"
- Parties not represented in the Dáil Éireann:
Israel
- Political parties
- Yachad (Dovish Social-Democrat Party)
- Hadash (Israeli-Arab Communist Party)
- Israeli Labor Party HaAvoda (Zionist center-left party)
- Non-parliamentary
-
Peace movements
- Gush Shalom (extreme radical)
- Peace Now
- Taayush
-
Marxist movements
- HaNoar HaOved VeHalomed (Zionist socialist youth movement)
- HaShomer HaTzair (Zionist socialist youth movement)
- Maavak Socialisti ("Socialist Struggle")
- Banki (Communist youth movement)
-
Peace movements
Japan
Latvia
Latin America
- Party of the Democratic Revolution
- Socialist Party of Chile
- Liberal Party of Colombia
- Democratic Revolutionary Party
- Puerto Rican Independence Party
- Institutional Revolutionary Party
- Radical Civic Union
- Cuban Liberal Union
- Communist Party of Cuba
- American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
Netherlands
- GroenLinks (Pro-European, multiculturalist Greens)
- Socialistische Partij (radical left}
- Partij van de Arbeid (social-democrats)
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
- Bloco de Esquerda
- Partido Comunista Português
- Partido Socialista (center-left)
Taiwan
United Kingdom
- Parties represented in the House of Commons:
- British Labour Party (although many would dispute that the modern Labour party belongs to this category)
- Liberal Democrats (describe themselves as a centre-left party; since advent of New Labour, usually seen as to the left of the Labour party in the Houses of Parliament and the Scottish Parliament, and to the right of it in local and regional government)
- Plaid Cymru
- Scottish National Party
- Sinn Féin (practices abstentionism)
- Social Democratic and Labour Party
- Parties represented in the Scottish Parliament:
- Parties represented in the National Assembly for Wales:
- Forward Wales (Cymru Ymlaen)
- Labour Party
- Liberal Democrats
- Plaid Cymru
- Parties represented in the Northern Ireland Assembly:
- Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (associated with the Liberal Democrats)
- Progressive Unionist Party
- Sinn Féin
- Social Democratic and Labour Party (associated with the British Labour Party)
- Parties represented in the European Parliament
- Parties not represented in any of the above legislatures:
- Alliance for Workers Liberty
- Clannasaor
- Communist Party of Britain
- Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist)
- Communist Party of Great Britain (PCC)
- Communist Party of Scotland
- Cornish Nationalist Party
- Cymru Annibynnol
- Cymru Goch
- Free Scotland Party
- Independent Working Class Association
- International Socialist Group
- Mebyon Kernow
- New Communist Party of Britain
- Northern Ireland Women's Coalition
- RESPECT Unity Coalition
- Revolutionary Communist Group
- Socialist Alliance
- Socialist Appeal
- Socialist Labour Party
- Socialist Party of England and Wales
- Socialist Party of Great Britain
- Socialist Workers Party
- Spartacist League
- Welsh Socialist Alliance
- Wessex Regionalist Party
- Workers Party of Ireland
- Workers Power
United States
- Parties represented in the United States Congress
- Democratic Party (center-left)
- Parties with local or state electoral success since 1950
- Other contemporary left parties
- Communist Party
- Freedom Socialist Party
- New Party
- Peace and Freedom Party
- Socialist Labor Party of America
- Socialist Workers Party
- Working Families Party
- Democratic Socialists of America (working within the Democratic Party)
- Social Democrats USA
- Socialist Party USA
- Workers World Party
- Liberal Party (center-left, only in New York State)
- Freedom Socialist Party
- Socialist Equality Party
- Socialist Action
- Solidarity
- Freedom Road Socialist Organization
- Defunct parties
- Social Democratic Party (1897-1901)
- Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party (1918-1944)
- Socialist Party of America (1901-1973)
See also
- Anarchism
- Christian socialism
- Communism
- Democracy
- Democracy (varieties)
- Democratic socialism
- Egalitarianism
- Environmentalism
- Labor movement
- Left-Right politics discusses the range of various writers' meanings when they use the terms "left" and "right" in a political context.
- Liberalism
- Libertarian socialism
- Marxism
- Political spectrum discusses various writers' views of the usefulness (or not) of the Left/Right dichotomy and of alternative spectra.
- Progressivism
- Radical centrist politics
- Right-wing politics
- Social democracy
- Socialism
- Syndicalism
- Trade unionism
External links
- The Political Compass an alternate view of the political spectrum
- The official website of the Socialist International
- Critical Montages
- US Progressive Candidates of 2004 progressive candidates running for House and Senate races in 2004
- TheComIntern A Leftist Webzine
- MoveOn.org An influential U.S.-based center-left website
- The "World Socialist Website"
- The Marxists Internet Archive (a free online Marxist library)
Other meanings
Left wing can also refer to a player's position in sports such as soccer and ice hockey.
In video games and censorship, left wing can refer to the side of the video game or media controversy issue spectrum of those who oppose censorship. See also Video game proponent.