A mnemonic (SAMPA /n@'mAnIk/ in US or /n@'mQnIk/ in UK) is a memory aid. Mnemonics are often verbal, are sometimes in verse form, and are often used to remember lists. Mnemonics rely not only on repetition to remember facts, but also on creating associations among easy-to-remember constructs and lists of data. The word mnemonic shares etymology with Mnemosyne, the name of the titan who personified Memory in Greek mythology.

Contents

1 Examples of simple mnemonics 2 More complex mnemonic techniques 2.1 Number rhyme system 2.2 Egg and spear or number shape system 2.3 Other mnemonic systems 3 History of mnemonics 4 External links

Examples of simple mnemonics

One common mnemonic device for remembering lists consists of an easily remembered word, phrase, or rhyme whose initials or other characteristics are associated with the list items. The idea lends itself well, to memorizing hard-to-break passwords, as well.

• The name Roy G. Biv helps us to remember the order of the colors in the spectrum. In England "Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain" is popular (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet).

• Let's not forget the word that reminds us that the best plan is usually a simple plan: K-I-S-S (Keep it Simple, Silly!)

• Beginning music students trying to memorize the notes of the staff use the mnemonics "Every Good Boy Does Fine" and "FACE" for the lines and spaces of the Treble Clef respectively. The Bass Clef equivalents are "Good Boys Do Fine Always" and "All Cows Eat Grass".

• The acronym HOMES is also a mnemonic aid that can be used to remember the names of the North American Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). SHMOE is also useful to remember their positions from North to South.

• Stellar classification uses a peculiar group of letters, easily remembered using the phrase, "Oh Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me Right Now Sweetie."

• Many mnemonics have been devised for remembering the digits of pi, consisting of phrases or verses in which successive digits of pi are obtained by counting the number of letters in each word. (Fortunately, the first thirty digits of pi contain no zeroes). Some are:
  • "May I have a large container of coffee?" (May = 3, I = 1, have = 4, etc.)
  • "How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics!"
  • (Alternate version of previous) "How I need a drink, alcoholic in nature, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics!"
  • "How I wish I could recollect pi easily today."
  • See "Poe, E.: Near a Raven" for an extreme example.

• The best-known mnemonic used to remember the 12 cranial nerves uses no profanity (despite being a favorite among medical students :-) [* This is not a good place for inside jokes. Can anyone fill in whatever this is talking about? *] but isn't politically correct. The clean version is making ground though, and it goes like this: "On Old Olympus' Tiny Top A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops" (with variations; some say "terraced tops," some say "towering top," and "view some hops" is sometimes rendered as "vaulted a hedge").

• A mnemonic used by physics students to remember the Maxwell relations in thermodynamics is "Good Physicists Have Studied Under Very Fine Teachers", which helps them remember the order of the variables in the square, in clockwise direction. Another mnemonic used here is "Valid Facts and Theoretical Understanding Generate Solutions to Hard Problems", which gives the letter in the normal left to right writing direction.

• A way of remembering biological groupings in taxonomy is the phrase "Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools", and also "Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares". Another mnemonic for this purpose is "Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach". The letters stand for Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

• A mnemonic for remembering the number of days in the months of the year, practically a cultural universal in the United States, is "Thirty days hath September/April, June and November." (Although this is only part of a longer rhyme, this is the only part that most people remember, so they commonly complete it with words similar to "... except February, which has twenty-eight, or twenty-nine in a leap year." The full mnemonic is "Thirty days hath September/April, June and November/All the rest have thirty-one/except February alone/which has eight and a score/until leap year gives it one day more.")

• Another mnemonic for the days of the months is not a rhyme or a jingle, but a gestalt. Whereas the traditional mnemonic simply associates the name of the month with the number of days, this one emphasizes the sequence. The 31 and less-than-31-day months would be easy to remember if they simply alternated, but this pattern was broken in 27 B.C. by the decision to rename the month of Sextilis to Augustus and to increase its length from 30 to 31 days. Thus the fourth 31-day month, July, is immediately followed by another 31-day month. Since the human hand has four fingers, one can, given an appropriate mind-set, perceive this pattern in a view of the knuckles of two fists, held together. The raised knuckles can be seen as the 31-day months, the dips between them as the 30-day-months-and-February, and the gap between the hands ignored. (Thus: left-hand-pinky-knuckle = January, dip = February, left-hand-ring-knuckle = March, dip = April, and so on to left-hand-index-knuckle = July; then continue with right-hand-index-knuckle = August, dip = September, etc).

A curious characteristic of many memory systems is that mnemonic devices work despite being (or possibly because of being) illogical, arbitrary, and artistically flawed. "Roy" is a legitimate first name, but there is no actual surname "Biv" and of course the middle initial "G" is arbitrary. Why is "Roy G. Biv" easy to remember? Medical students never forget the arbitrary nationalities of the Finn and German. Any two of the three months ending in -ember would fit just as euphoniously as September and November in "Thirty days hath...", yet most people can remember the rhyme correctly for a lifetime after having heard it once, and are never troubled by doubts as to which two of the -ember months have thirty days. A bizarre arbitrary association may stick in the mind better than a logical one.

More complex mnemonic techniques

A mnemonic technique is one of many memory aids that is used to create associations among facts that make it easier to remember these facts. Popular mnemonic techniques include mind mapping and peg lists. These techniques make use of the power of the visual cortex to simplify the complexity of memories. Thus simpler memories can be stored more efficiently. For example, a number can be remembered as a picture. This makes it easier to retrieve it from memory. Mnemonic techniques should be used in conjunction with active recall to actually be beneficial. For example, it is not enough to look at a mind map; one needs to actively reconstruct it in one's memory.

Other methods for remembering arbitrary numbers or number sequences use numerological (lit. number+word) systems such as the abjad, where each numeral is represented by a consonant sound. These systems take advantage of the memory's ability to store more information by organizing it into "chunks".

An example of a widely used system for memorizing numbers as words is the major system.

Number rhyme system

This is an example of a "peg list". It is useful for remembering ordered lists, especially for people with strong auditory learning styles. The following numbered list is static. Note the rhyme of the digit and the word (one/bun, two/glue, and so on). The items you wish to remember should be associated with each word. A similar system utilizing a combination of this and the preceding "abjad" system can easily yield numbers through 100 or higher (ex. 76 lash, 77 lilly)

1. bun
2. glue
3. tea
4. door
5. hive
6. bricks
7. heaven
8. slate
9. line
10. pen

Egg and spear or number shape system

This is another peg system, much like the number-rhyme system but more suitable for those with visual learning styles (a one looks like a candle; a two looks like a swan, and so on).

1. Candle, spear
2. Swan
3. Bosom
4. Sail
5. Hook
6. Club
7. Cliff
8. Sand clock
9. Flag
10. Egg

Other mnemonic systems

• Mnemonic verses
• Acronym System
• Link System
• Story System
• Journey System
• Room System
• Peg System including number-rhyme, number-shape, and number-consonant conversions.
• Major System
• Goroawase System

History of mnemonics

The Ars memoriae (art of memory) practised in the Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance periods relied on the capacity of the brain for recalling spatial detail. The principle was to initially memorise some large building, the more architectural elaboration of rooms, passages and niches it had the better — the so-called 'Memory Palace'. Mnemonic images could be placed about this palace to link to items that you wanted to remember, usually in symbolic form, with the images as striking as possible to enable recollection. To recall something, the practitioner mentally moved around the palace, reviewing the images in order. This was an essential technique of rhetoricians and preachers.

A reference to this technique survives to this day in the common English phrases "in the first place", "in the second place", and so forth.

External links

• 010 Memorizer for Memorizing Numbers
• Human Memory on Dates
• World Wide Brain Club on Binary Numbers
• Be a Genius on Mnemonics in General
• 2Know - Windows Freeware for converting numbers to words using the Major System. Now in English, German, and French.
• Mnemisis - A free (and Free) mnemonic toolkit for the Major System of remembering numbers. Runs on Linux, Mac OSX, and Windows
• Homepage of WorldMemory-Champion Andi Bell
• Homepage of the World Memory Championships
• Mick Curtis memory techniques A practical memory course.
• Google Answers: How to Have a Good Memory
• Random secure password generator with automatic mnemonic generation
• The Memory Page: Tutorials and tips on how to improve your memory.
• Science mnemonics From Science Jokes
• Tools for Improving Your Memory from Mind Tools