The Goulburn River is a major inland river in Victoria, Australia.

The headwaters of the Goulburn River rise in the western end of the Victoria Alps, near Mount Buller . The Eildon Dam creates Lake Eildon, a major storage of water for irrigation. From Lake Eildon, most of the irrigation water goes to Goulburn Weir and Waranga Basin.

North of Eildon the Goulburn River enters the northern plains of Victoria and eventually flows into the Murray River near Echuca. This area is a very productive irrigated agricultural area.

The Goulburn River was named after Henry Goulburn. There is also a Goulburn River in New South Wales.