Fort Wagner (also called Battery Wagner) was a fortification on Morris Island, South Carolina that covered the south approach to Charleston harbor. It is most well known for the Union attack on July 18, 1863 during the American Civil War, led by the first major American military unit made up of African Americans, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The Civil War fortifications extended across the northern quarter of the low and sandy island, the main wall ran for 630 feet from the eastern ocean to salt marshes on the west, the wall was up to 30 feet high and a wide if shallow trench stretched in front, much of the fort was earth barriers and sandbagged emplacements. The site of the fortifications is currently underwater.

Union forces had landed on the island in early July 1863. The first assualt on the fortifications, garrisoned by around 1,800 men, was by three brigades on July 11 and failed. A second force was gathered by Major General Quincy Gillmore and dispatched against the fort in the early hours of July 18.

The approach to the fort was constricted to a 60 m wide strip of beach. After a bombardment from both land and sea the Union infantry moved in. The assault force was headed by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and included five other brigades, around 5,000 men in total. Unfortunately for the assault force, the prior bombardment failed to seriously damage the fighting power of the fort. Consequently, the Union infantry suffered a great deal of casualties in the rush towards the fort.

Once there, the fighting proved intense. Three brigades managed to occupy a portion of the walls, but they were forced to withdraw after an hour of fierce fighting where almost every officer was killed. The Union forces had taken around 1,600 casualties and the Confederate garrison under 200.

However, the battle proved to be a political victory for the Union since the valour of the 54th against the hopeless odds proved the worth of black soldiers. It spurred additional recruitment which gave the Union forces a further numerical advantage in troops.

The fort was then besieged after the unsuccessful assault. After almost 60 days of heavy shelling, it was abandoned by Confederate forces on September 7, 1863.

The July 18th assault on the fort is dramatized in the Academy Award winning film, Glory

External links

• Assault on Fort Wagner