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Mobile phone

(Redirected from Cellular phone)
Cellular redirects here. For the 2004 movie, Cellular, see Cellular (movie).


A mobile phone is a device which behaves as a normal telephone whilst being able to move over a wide area (cf. cordless phone which acts as a telephone only within a limited range). Mobile phones allow connections to be made to the telephone network, normally by directly dialling the other party's number on an inbuilt keypad. Most current mobile phones use a combination of radio wave transmission and conventional telephone circuit switching, though packet switching is already in use for some parts of the mobile phone network, especially for services such as internet access and WAP.

Mobile phone manufacturers include Audiovox, Kyocera(formely Qualcomm), Motorola, Nokia, Panasonic(Matsushita Electric), Samsung, Sanyo, Siemens, Sony Ericsson, Alcatel, LG and Sagem .

There are also specialist communication systems related to, but distinct from mobile phones, such as satellite phones and Professional Mobile Radio.

Contents

Worldwide deployment

Mobile phones have a long and varied history that stretches back to the early 1970's. Due to their low establishment costs and rapid deployment, mobile phone networks have since spread rapidly throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony. Such networks can often be economic, even with a small customer base, as mobile network costs are mostly call volume related, while fixed-line telephony has a much higher subscriber related cost component.

In most of Europe, wealthy parts of Asia, and Australia, mobile phones are now virtually universal, with the majority of the adult, teenage, and even child population owning one. They are less common in the United States — while widely available, market penetration is lower than elsewhere in the developed world (around 66 percent of the U.S. population as of 2003). Reasons advanced for this include incomplete coverage, relatively high minimum monthly service charges (around $30), and the availability of relatively low-cost fixed-line networks (around $30 for unlimited local calling).

Mobile phone features

Mobile phones are designed to work on cellular networks and contain a standard set of services that allow phones of different types and in different countries to communicate with each other.

Before the phone can be used, a subscription to a mobile phone operator is required. The operator will issue a SIM card which contains the unique subscription and authentication parameters for that customer. Once the SIM card is inserted into the phone, services can be accessed. Mobile phones do not only support voice calls; they can also send and receive data and faxes (if a computer is attached), send short messages (or "text messages"; see SMS), access WAP services, and provide full Internet access using technologies such as GPRS. Mobile phones usually have a clock and a calculator and often one can play some games on them.

Many mobile phones support 'auto-roaming', which permits the same phone to be used in multiple countries. For this to work, the operators of both countries must have a roaming agreement.

Newer models also allow for sending pictures and have a built-in digital camera. This gives rise to some concern about privacy, in view of possible voyeurism, for example in swimming pools. For this reason, Saudi Arabia has banned cameraphones entirely; South Korea has ordered manufacturers to ensure that all new handsets emit a beep whenever a picture is taken.

GPS receivers are starting to appear in cell phones, primarily to aid in dispatching emergency responders.

Newer models have included many features aimed toward personalisation, such as user defined and downloadable ring tones and logos, and interchangeable covers, which have helped in the uptake by the teenage market. Usually one can choose between a ring tone, a vibrating alert, or a combination of both.

Multi-mode mobile phones

A multi-mode (a.k.a dual, tri or quad band) mobile phone is a phone which is designed to work on more than one GSM radio frequency. The multi-mode case occurs mostly in GSM which originated in the 900 MHz band, but expanded to other bands including 1800 and 1900Mhz bands.

Multi mode phones have been valuable to enable roaming but are now becoming most important in allowing the introduction of WCDMA without customers having to give up the wide coverage of GSM. Almost every single true 3G phone sold is actually a WCDMA/GSM dual-mode mobile. This is also true of 2.75G phones such as those based on CDMA-2000 or EDGE.

The special challenge involved in producing a multi-mode mobile is in finding ways to share the components between the different standards. Obviously, the phone keypad and display should be shared, otherwise it would be hard to treat as one phone. Beyond that, though, there are challenges at each level of integration. How difficult these challenges are depends on the differences between systems. The different variants of the GSM system have only different frequencies and so aren't even considered true multi-mode phones but rather are called multi-band phones. When talking about IS-95/GSM multi-mode phones, for example, or AMPS/IS-95 phones, the base band processing is very different from system to system. This leads to real difficulties in component integration and so to larger phones.

An interesting special case of multi-mode phones is the WCDMA/GSM phone. The radio interfaces are very different from each other, but mobile to core network messaging has some quite strong similarities, meaning that software sharing is quite easy. Probably more importantly, the WCDMA air interface has been designed with GSM compatibility in mind. It has a special mode of operation, known as punctured mode, in which, instead of transmitting continuously, the mobile is able to stop sending for a short period and try searching for GSM carriers in the area. This mode allows for safe inter-frequency handovers with channel measurements which can only be approximated using "pilot signals" in other CDMA based systems.

A final interesting case is that of mobiles covering DS-WCDMA and MC-CDMA the 3G variant of CDMA-2000. Initially, the chip rate of these phones was incompatible. As part of the negotiations related to patents, it was agreed to use compatible chip rates. This should mean that, despite the fact that the air and system interfaces are quite different, even on a philosophical level, much of the hardware for each system inside a phone should be common with differences being mostly confined to software.

Using mobile phones on aircraft

The use of mobile phones is generally forbidden on aircraft during flight. One reason given for this is that the mobile phone could interfere with the sensitive equipment on the aircraft. This could be restated as "during development these aircraft were not designed to accept signals from mobile phones and there has not been sufficient testing to be sure that they could" as can be seen from plans to improve certification [1] http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/389/srg_sys_00002-01-300103.pdf . Some level of electromagnetic interference is theoretically possible from active radio transmitters such as mobile phones on aircraft. Exactly how much and in what way is dependent on the particular phone system in use and the plane component in question. Whether that level of interference should have any influence on electronic systems which should be designed to fly through lightning storms without falling out of the sky is an entirely different question.

One area in which interference would be most likely is in the radio-based audio equipment used for voice communications between the aeroplane and the ground. The mobile phone transmitter is much closer to the receiver on the aircraft than the ground station, but operates at a lower power than the ground station.

Some mobile phone systems such as GSM may cause an irritating buzz (explained in the TDMA article) which would certainly disrupt communications from the pilot to ground. The high speed of air travel may make interference more likely than it would otherwise be. The maximum speed of travel in a mobile phone system is limited by several factors, frequency changes, rate of change of timing offset, etc. The speed of an aeroplane often exceeds these (typically phones are designed for use in a fast car) which means the mobile will fail to register to the network and retry registration repeatedly.

Older analogue systems simply broadcast at a high power of up to several watts. This has the potention to cause more general interference, and since the voice signal is not encoded there may be direct crosstalk into the communication systems of the plane.

Another factor is that from an altitude, distant cells are visible to the mobile with no line-of-sight attenuation from intervening obstacles. This means that the phone could try to establish contact with a far away cell where the signal will not be recognised. This transmission will probably be at maximum power due to the lack of prior response. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission prohibits the use of mobile phones in the air for this reason. This repeated sending of maximum power messages increases the risk of interference with electronic equipment on the aircraft.

All of the above having been said, according to the BBC "most of the evidence is circumstantial and anecdotal. There is no absolute proof mobile phones are hazardous." [2] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/399154.stm Some airlines do allow use of mobiles phones in flight, only restricting their use (and use of all other electronic devices) during take off and landing when communications with the ground are most critical. Meanwhile the passenger aircraft manufacturers, such as Boeing and Airbus, have begun to introduce wireless services on their planes (e.g. WLAN) and radio based satellite phones are a standard installation on aeroplanes. Clearly there is a direct airline industry advantage in having control over communication systems from within an aeroplane, with no clear way for potential competitors to certify their systems as safe for use on board. Some articles have even gone so far as to accuse the airline industry of pushing the ban on mobile phones in order to increase revenue from on board telephones [3] http://news.zdnet.co.uk/business/0,39020645,2074198,00.htm . A number of new phones have an "aeroplane mode" feature that presumably stops all incoming and outgoing communications while still allowing the user to play games, type notes etc.

Health controversy

Main article: Mobile phone radiation and health

As with many new technologies, concerns have arisen about the effects on health from using a mobile telephone. There is little scientific evidence for an increase in certain types of rare tumors in long-time, heavy users. More recently a pan-European study provided significant evidence of DNA damage under certain conditions. So far, however, the World Health Organization Task Force on EMF effects on health has no definitive conclusion on the veracity of these allegations. (see also Electromagnetic radiation hazard).

Security concerns

Earlier mobile phones were fairly simple and security wasn't much of a concern, but in 2004, even basic phones can send and receive text messages which makes them vulnerable to attack by worms and viruses. Advanced phones capable of e-mail can be susceptible to viruses that can multiply by sending messages through a phone's address book. Of more important concern, a virus may allow unauthorized users to access a phone to find passwords or corporate data stored on the device. Moreover, they can be used to commandeer the phone to make calls or send messages at the owner's expense. Unlike computers that are restricted to only a few widespread operating systems, cellular phones use a variety of systems that require separate programs to be designed in order to disable each one. While reducing overall compatibilty from an application design standpoint, this has the beneficial effect of making it harder to design a mass attack. However, the rise of cellular phone operating system programming platforms shared by many manufacturers such as Java, Microsoft operating systems, Linux or Symbian OS, may in the future change this status quo.

Bluetooth is a wireless communication feature now found in many higher-end phones, and the virus Cabir hijacked this function, sending Bluetooth phones on a search-and-destroy mission to infect other Bluetooth phones. In early November 2004, several web sites began offering a specific piece of software promising ringtones and screensavers for certain phones. Those who downloaded the software found that it turned each icon on the phone's screen into a skull-and-crossbones and disabled their phones, so they could no longer send or receive text messages or access contact lists or calendars. The virus has since been dubbed "Skulls" by security experts.

Future prospects

There is a great deal of active research and development into mobile phone technology that is currently underway. Some of the improvements that are being worked on are:

  • One difficulty in adapting mobile phones to new uses is form factor. For example, ebooks may well become a distinct device, because of conflicting form-factor requirements — ebooks require large screens, while phones need to be smaller. However, this may be solved using folding e-paper or built-in projectors.
  • One function that will be useful in phones is translation function. Currently it is only available in stand-alone devices, such as Ectaco translators.
  • mobile phones will include various speech technologies as they are being developed. Many phones already have rudimentary speech recognition in a form of voice dialling. Of particular interest will be real-time voice translation (that must include speech recognition, machine translation and speech synthesis). However, more natural speech recognition and translation in these devices requires a drastic improvement in the state of technology: the phone's processor must be faster by several orders of magnitude with the phone requiring far more internal memory, or new ways of processing speech data must be found. Natural language processing requires inordinately powerful hardware.
  • developments in miniaturised hard disks to solve the storage space issue, therefore opening a window for phones to become portable music libraries and players similar to the iPod.
  • further improvements in battery life wil be required. Colour screens and additional functions put increasing demands on the device's power source, and battery developments may not proceed sufficiently fast to compensate. However, different display technologies, such as OLED displays, e-paper or retinal displays, smarter communication hardware (directional antennae, multi-mode and peer-to-peer phones) may reduce power requirements, while new power technologies such as fuel cells may provide better energy capacity.
  • Speculative improvements in the future may be inspired by an English team led by James Auger and Jimmy Loizeau who in 2002, developed an implant designed to be inserted into a tooth during dental surgery. This device consists of a radio receiver and transducer, which transmits the sound via bone conduction through the jawbone into the ear. Sound is transmitted via radio waves from another device (ostensibly a mobile phone) and received by the implant. The implant is currently powered externally, given that no current power source is small enough to fit inside the tooth with it. In addition, the implant was only designed to receive signals, not transmit them. Directly tapping into the inner ear or the auditory nerve is already technologically feasible and will become practical as surgical methods advance.

Terminology

Mobile phone terms

Cell phone or cellular telephone 
Term used currently in America and during the 80s to refer to most mobile phones. This term applies specifically to mobile phones which use a cellular network.
Handy 
A pseudo-anglicism, derived from the term Handy Talkie for a handheld military radio, that is used in Germany for a mobile phone (rare alternative spelling: Händi). Similarly another pseudo-anglic term Hand phone is used in South Korea.
Mobile phone 
A term covering cellular phones, satellite phones and any phones giving wide ranging mobility.
Mobile 
Short form of the above, a term in everyday usage in some English speaking countries.
Satellite phone 
A mobile phone which communicates with a satellite rather than a land-based network.
Wireless phone 
This is a term which is generally used to refer to a mobile phone although it could legitimately cover almost any phone which does not use a wire.
3G phone 
A mobile phone which uses a 3G network.

Related systems which are not mobile phones

Cordless Phone (Portable Phone) 
Cordless phones are standard telephones with radio handsets. Unlike mobile phones, cordless phones use private base stations that are not shared between subscribers. The base station is connected to a land-line.
Radio Phone 
This is an term which covers radios which could connect into the telephone network. These phones may not be mobile, e.g. they may require a mains power supply.
Professional Mobile Radio 
Professional mobile radio systems are very similar to mobile phone systems and attempts have even been made to use TETRA, the international digital PMR standard, to implement public mobile networks, but normally PMR systems are sufficiently separate from the phone network to not really be considered phones but rather radios.

Terms in other languages

  • In many Asian countries they are called hand phones.
  • In Australia, they are called mobiles.
  • In Belgium, they are called GSMs (Global System for Mobile communications)
  • In Brazil, they are called celulares (singular form celular)
  • In Denmark, they are called mobilos or mobil
  • Users of Esperanto usually talk about poŝtelefonoj ("pocket phones", pronounced poshtelefonoy).
  • In Finland, they are called matkapuhelimet (literally travel-phones, singular form matkapuhelin) or kännykät (singular form kännykkä, very close in meaning to the German Handy), this Finnish word actually trademarked by Nokia in 1987 but fallen into generic use and would probably not be upheld any more if contested in a court of law
  • In France, they are called Portable (literally portable)
  • In Germany, they are called Handys
  • In Iceland, they are Called Farsími (Offical for all mobile phone systems), Gemsi (means young sheep, referring to GSM), GSM-sími (For phones using the GSM System), or NMT-sími (For phones using the Nordic Mobile Telephone-system)
  • In Israel, they are called Pelephone (literally wonder-phone), as derived from the first such operator. But in formal hebrew they are called telephone cellulary, cellular (cellular phone and cellular).
  • In Italy Telefonino (meaning small phone).
  • In Japan Keitai
  • In the Netherlands mobieltjes
  • In New Zealand, they are called mobiles.
  • In Puerto Rico, they are called cellulares
  • In Poland, they are called komórki (singular form komórka), meaning cells.
  • In Portugal, they are called telemóveis (singular form telemóvel)
  • In Russia, they are often called trubka, or tube in English, because the receiver part of the stationary phones was called telephone tube and the mobile phone consists of receiver alone, in some sense.
  • In South Africa, they are called cellphones
  • In Spain, they are called móviles
  • In Sweden, they are sometimes called nalle, or teddy bear translated to English, originally referring to the term yuppie nalle since in the beginning only rich yuppies could afford them and they showed them off in a way that looked as they where carrying a yuppie teddy bear, nowadays only nalle is used representing that people always carry them around and feel insecure if they misplace them, like a child missing his/her teddy bear.
  • In Switzerland, they are called Natel
  • In the UK, they are called mobiles.
  • In the US, they are called cell phones or even simply cells.

See also

External links

  • Camera Phone Zone http://www.livingroom.org.au/photolog . Camera Phone Reviews, News and Tips.
  • Cell Phone Safety http://www.cellphonesafetyguide.com
  • How Cell Phones Work http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone.htm
  • Linux on mobile phones http://tuxmobil.org/phones_linux.html
  • Wireless Number Portability FAQs http://www.hellomobile.com/number-portability.htm




Last updated: 05-03-2005 09:00:33