Bernard ("Bernie") Sanders (born September 8, 1941) has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 1991, representing the state of Vermont. He is the only Independent member of the House, and is also the only self-declared socialist elected to federal office in the United States in recent times.

The son of a Polish immigrant, Sanders was born in New York and educated at Brooklyn College and the University of Chicago. He settled in Vermont in 1964. He was a member of the anti-Vietnam War Liberty Union Party, and in the 1970s was a candidate for state-wide office four times.

Sanders is now a member of the Democratic Socialists of America, an organisation descended from the old Socialist Party of America, but not itself a political party. He contests elections as an independent.

In 1981 Sanders ran for Mayor of Burlington, the largest city in Vermont. He defeated the six-term Democratic incumbent by 12 votes. Increasingly popular because of his successful revitalization of the downtown area, he won three more terms as Mayor of Burlington, defeating Democratic and Republican candidates.

Sanders lost his bid for the office of Governor of Vermont in 1986 and a race to become Vermont's member of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1988. But in 1990 he ran again for the House, this time successfully.

Sanders has held his seat for six successive terms, defeating both Democratic and Republican candidates, and becoming the longest-serving independent member of the House. In 1992 he took 57.8% of the vote to his Republican and Democratic opponents' respective 30.9% and 7.9% of the vote. In 1994, the year of a resounding mid-term Republican victory, he took 49.9% to his Republican opponent's 46.6%. In 1996 he took 55.2% to his Republican and Democratic opponents' respective 32.6% and 9.3%. In 1998, he trounced his Republican opponent 63.4% to 32.9%. In 2000, he took 69.2% to his Republican and Democratic opponents' respective 18.3% and 5.3%. In 2002, he took 64.3% to his Republican opponent's 32.3%. Most recently, in 2004, Sanders took 68.8% to his Republican opponent's 24.6% and Democratic opponent's 7.3%.

The House Republican leadership has chosen to treat Sanders as a de facto member of the Democratic delegation, although relations between Sanders and House Democratic leadership have not always been smooth. Sanders endorsed President Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 and Al Gore in 2000. Along with Democratic members of the House, he founded the House Progressive Caucus as a forum for social democratic members of Congress, including Dennis Kucinich of Ohio, who in 2003 became a candidate for President.

Sanders surprised many of his colleagues by joining most Democrats in voting for the House resolution supporting the March 2003 Iraq War, although in his speech he was highly critical of the actions of the Bush administration that led to the war.

A left-wing writer, Ron Jacobs of Counterpunch, wrote in March 2003: "It is time the rest of the country wakes up to this truth: Sanders is not a socialist and is not that progressive, especially when it comes to matters of war and peace."

On domestic policy, however, Sanders' social democratic credentials seem secure. He supports universal national health care and opposes foreign trade agreements which, he says, deprive American workers of their jobs while exploiting foreign workers in sweat-shop factories. His lifetime legislative score from the American trade union federation the AFL-CIO is 100%.

See also

• Progressive Party (Vermont)

External links

• Bernie Sanders Website http://bernie.house.gov
• Bernie Sanders: Alone in the House http://dfp.dartmouth.edu/index.php?action=displayarticle&id=797&title=
• We Are the Majority http://www.progressive.org/feb04/sand0204.html
• How a Bad Bill Becomes Law http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0310-11.htm
• Bernie Sanders' Campaign Finance http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.asp?CID=N00000528&cycle=2004
• Democratic Socialists of America http://www.dsausa.org
• Project Vote Smart - Political Profile http://www.vote-smart.org/bio.php?can_id=H4042103