Online Encyclopedia Search Tool

Your Online Encyclopedia

 

Online Encylopedia and Dictionary Research Site

Online Encyclopedia Free Search Online Encyclopedia Search    Online Encyclopedia Browse    welcome to our free dictionary for your research of every kind

Online Encyclopedia



B-2 Spirit

B-2 Spirit
United States Air Force B-2 Spirit
Enlarge
United States Air Force B-2 Spirit
Description
Role Multi-role Heavy bomber
Crew Two
Dimensions
Length 69 ft 21 m
Wingspan 172 ft 52.4 m
Height 17 ft 5.2 m
Wing area > 5,000 ft² > 464.5 m²
Weights
Empty ~ 158,000 lb 71,668 kg
Loaded
Maximum take-off 336,500 lb 152,600 kg
Powerplant
Engines Four General Electric F-118-GE-100 engines
Thrust (per engine) 17,300 lbf 77 kN
Performance
Maximum speed Mach 0.85
Combat range 7,600 mi 12,230 km
Ferry range
Service ceiling ~ 50,000 ft 15,240 m
Rate of climb
Armament
Guns none
Bombs

The B-2 Spirit, sometimes known as the B-2 Bomber, is an American multi-role stealth bomber capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear weapons. A dramatic leap forward in technology, the bomber represented a major milestone in the U.S. bomber modernization program. The B-2 is the most expensive plane built to date, costing approximately $2.2 billion per plane. [1] Weighing in at 158,000 pounds (71,668 kg), each Bomber cost over $870.00 per ounce ($30/g) which is two or three times more than its weight in gold. Originally designed to deliver nuclear weapons during the Cold War [2], support for the B-2 dwindled as military spending declined in real dollars during the Clinton Administration. In May of 1995, in a study commissioned by Congress, the Institute For Defense Analysis concluded that after the demise of the Soviet Union, there was no need for more B-2s. As a result of public outcry over its cost, opposition from the Pentagon's Joint Chiefs of Staff and increasing opposition in the U.S. Congress, only 21 B-2s have been produced instead of a total of 120 planes as had been proposed. Given that much of the cost of the B-2 was in research and development, the cost per unit would have been much lower if all 120 had been produced. The B-2 can potentially bring massive firepower to bear anywhere on the globe. Its stealth technology is intended to help it penetrate previously impenetrable defenses.

Contents

Features

Along with the B-52 Stratofortress and B-1B, the U.S. military contends that the B-2 provides the penetrating flexibility and effectiveness inherent in manned bombers. Its low-observable, or "stealth," characteristics give it the ability to penetrate an enemy's most sophisticated defenses and threaten its most valued, and heavily defended, targets. Its capability to penetrate air defenses and threaten effective retaliation should provide a strong, effective deterrent and serious combat force well into the 21st century.

The revolutionary blending of low-observable technologies with high aerodynamic efficiency and large payload gives the B-2 important advantages over pre-existing bombers. Its low-observability provides it greater freedom of action at high altitudes, thus increasing its range and a better field of view for the aircraft's sensors. Its unrefueled range is approximately 6,000 nautical miles (9,600 km).

The B-2's low observability is derived from a combination of reduced infrared, acoustic, electromagnetic, visual and radar signatures. These signatures make it difficult for the sophisticated defensive systems to detect, track and engage the B-2. Many aspects of the low-observability process remain classified; however, the B-2's composite materials, special coatings and flying wing design all contribute to its "stealthiness."

The B-2 has a crew of two pilots, a pilot in the left seat and mission commander in the right, compared to the B-1B's crew of four and the B-52's crew of five.

History

The B-2 started life as a "black program" known as Project Senior C.J. and was later renamed the ATB (Advanced Technology Bomber). An estimated 23 billion dollars was secretly spent for research and development on the B-2 in the 1980s. Black programs have been criticized for violating the "Receipts and Expenditures" clause of the United States Constitution. Article I, Section 9, clause 7 of the United States Constitution requires the government to publish a "regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money." Because black programs are not disclosed as part of the United States official budget, critics contend that this violates the United States Constitution. Because the development of the B-2 was one of the best kept secrets of all USAF programs, there was no opportunity for public criticism of its massive cost during the development process. The first B-2 was publicly displayed on November 22, 1988, when it was rolled out of its hangar at Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, California, where it was manufactured. Its first flight was on July 17, 1989. The B-2 Combined Test Force, Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., is responsible for flight testing the engineering, manufacturing and development aircraft.

The first aircraft, named Spirit of Missouri, was delivered on December 17, 1993. Depot maintenance responsibility for the B-2 is held by Air Force contractor support and is managed at the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma.

The prime contractor, responsible for overall system design and integration, is Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems Sector. Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, Hughes Radar Systems Group, General Electric Aircraft Engine Group and Vought Aircraft Industries, Inc., are key members of the aircraft contractor team. Another major contractor, responsible for aircrew training devices (weapon system trainer and mission trainer) is Hughes Training Inc. (HTI). Link Division, formerly known as CAE - Link Flight Simulation Corp. Northrop Grumman and its major subcontractor HTI, are responsible for developing and integrating all aircrew and maintenance training programs. The military contractors for the B-2 engaged in massive lobbying campaigns to gain Congressional support for its funding.

Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri was the B-2's only operational base until early 2003, when facilities for the B-2 were constructed on the joint U.S./U.K. military base on the British island of Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean. Facilities for the aircraft also appear to have been constructed at RAF Fairford in Gloucestershire in the United Kingdom.

Combat

The B-2 was derided by many as being too expensive to risk in combat. However, the aircraft has seen service in three separate campaigns.

Its first combat was during the Kosovo War in 1999. The aircraft performed well, and it introduced the satellite guided JDAM bomb to the world as well. Since then the aircraft has seen combat over Afghanistan and Iraq.

The missions to Afghanistan saw a first for the aircraft. After flying bombing missions over Afghanistan, the aircraft concerned landed at Diego Garcia, were refuelled and had a crew change. This marked the first time that the aircraft had even been seen operationally at a base away from Whiteman. This was taken a step further during the Iraq campaign when B-2's were actually based at Diego Garcia.

A B-2 Spirit parked at night
Enlarge
A B-2 Spirit parked at night

General characteristics

Primary function: Multi-role heavy bomber
Prime Contractor: Northrop Grumman Corp.
Contractor Team: Boeing Military Airplanes Co.
General Electric Aircraft Engine Group and Hughes Training Inc.
Link Division
Power Plant: Four General Electric F-118-GE-100 engines
Thrust: 17,300 pounds (77 kN) each engine
Length: 69 feet (20.9 m)
Height: 17 feet (5.1 m)
Wingspan: 172 feet (52.12 m)
Speed: High subsonic
Ceiling: 50,000 feet (15,152 m)
Takeoff Weight (Typical): 336,500 pounds (152,600 kg)
Range: Intercontinental , unrefueled
Armament: Conventional or nuclear weapons
Payload: 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg)
Crew: Two pilots
Unit cost: Approximately $2.2 billion
Date Deployed: December 1993
Inventory: Active force: 21 (the first test article was converted to full combat status); ANG: 0; Reserve: 0

Variants

  • B-2A

Units Using the B-2

United States Air Force

Modern USAF Series Miscellaneous
Attack--OA/A-10,AC-130H/U RC-135V/W
B-1B Lancer Bomber--B-52,-2,-1B,F-117A OC-135B
B-2 Spirit Fighter--F-15/E ,F-16 KC-10,-135
B-52 Stratofortress Electronic--E-3,-4B,-8C EC-130E/J,H HC-130P/N
F-117A Nighthawk Transport--C-5,-17,-141B, -20,-21 MC-130E/H/P
C-22B, -32, -130, -37A, -40B/C MH-53J/M
Trainers--T-1, -37, -38, -43, -6 HH-60G
Weather--WC-130, -135 UH-1N
UAV--RQ-1/MQ-1 UAV, Global Hawk U-2S/TU-2S
VC-25


Current USAF aircraft - Bombers

B-1B Lancer - B-2 Spirit - B-52 Stratofortress - F-117A Nighthawk


Related content
Related Development
Similar Aircraft
Designation Series

B-1 - B-2

Related Lists List of military aircraft of the United States - List of bomber aircraft


List of Aircraft | Aircraft Manufacturers | Aircraft Engines | Aircraft Engine Manufacturers
Airlines | Air Forces | Aircraft Weapons | Missiles | Timeline of aviation




Last updated: 11-06-2004 16:36:16