Lieutenant General Sir Adrian Carton de Wiart (1880-1963) (VC, KBE, CB, CMG, DSO) was a British officer of Belgian and Irish descent. He was one of the remarkable figures in British military history, renowned for bravery, his striking character and the sheer adventure of his long life. He was the model for Brigadier Ben Ritchie-Hook in the Sword of Honour trilogy of Evelyn Waugh.
The Victoria Cross
During World War One he received the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.It is infrequently awarded and, perhaps, the most highly esteemed medal for bravery in the English speaking world.
He was 36 years old, and a Lieutenant Colonel in the 4th Dragoon Guards (Royal Irish) , British Army, attached to the Gloucestershire Regiment , Commanding the 8th Bn. when the following events took place for which he was awarded the VC.
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On 2/3 July 1916 at La Boiselle, France, Lieutenant Colonel Carton de Wiart's dauntless courage and inspiration averted what could have been a serious reverse. He displayed the utmost energy in forcing the attack home and after three other battalion commanders had become casualties, he controlled their commands and made sure that the ground was held at all costs. In organising the positions to be held, he exposed himself fearlessly to enemy fire. He was wounded eight times (including the loss of an eye and his left hand) during the course of the First World War.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum (Chelsea, England)
Early life
Adrian Carton De Wiart was born on May 5th, 1880, in Brussels to an aristocratic family and spent his early days there and in England. The death of his mother prompted his father to uproot the family and move to Cairo to practice international law. At the earliest opportunity his new stepmother sent him to a boarding school in England, the Oratory School in Egbaston. From there he went to Balliol College, Oxford, but left to join the army at the time of the Boer War. He had found his true vocation.
No scholar, he was a truly ferocious warrior. He was wounded in South Africa early on and invalided home. After a brief stab at Oxford again, where among his friends was Aubrey Herbert, he was given a commission in the Second Imperial Light Horse . He saw some action in South Africa again, before a transfer to India in 1902. This gave him full scope for his love of sports, especially shooting and pig sticking.
Carton de Wiart's serious wound in the Boer War instilled in him a mania for physical fitness and he ran, walked and played sports at every opportunity, especially if the sport involved depleting the local fish, bird, rabbit and big game stocks. He was always up early each day.
A champagne, claret and port man, he detested whiskey, liked popular music hall tunes and had no ear for classical music. Formidable and intimidating, he managed to keep a wide circle of friends. A man's man, he was more drawn to the outdoors type of person. His admirers ranged from Winston Churchill to Chiang Kai-shek. He spoke French, Arabic and Polish. He loved South Africa, Poland and Ireland and hated India. He liked the country more than the city, but of the cities, pre World War One Vienna was his favourite.
The transfer of his regiment to a by-then peaceful South Africa brought him a pleasant interlude when he was appointed an aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Henry Hilyard , who Carton de Wiart admired enormously. He describes this period lasting up to 1914 as his "heyday" (Happy Odessy). His light duties as aide gave him time for polo, another passion.
Carton de Wiart was well connected in European circles, his two closest cousins being, respectively, Henri Carton de Wiart , Prime Minister of Belgium from 1920 to 1921, and Edmond Carton de Wiart , political secretary to the King of Belgium and director of "La Societe Generale de Belgique". While on leave he travelled extensively throughout central Europe, staying at country estates for the shooting in Bohemia, Austria, Hungary and Bavaria.
A transfer back to England gave scope for a new passion, fox hunting. He rode with the famous Duke of Beaufort's Hunt where he encountered, among others, the future field marshal, Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, and the future air marshal, Sir Edward Ellington.
De Wiart found the time in 1908 to marry Countess Frederica, eldest daughter of Prince Karl Ludwig Fugger Babenhausen of Klagenfurt, Austria. They had two daughters.
World War One
When the First World War broke out Carton De Wiart was en route to British Somaliland where a low level war was underway against the followers of a Moslem religious fanatic, Mohammed ibn-Abdullah, called by the British, the Mad Mullah. De Wiart had been seconded to the Somaliland Camel Corps . A staff officer with the Corps was Hastings Ismay, later Lord Ismay, Churchill's military advisor.
In an attack upon an enemy fort, Carton de Wiart was shot in the face, and ever after a black patch over his left eye socket formed part of his appearance, along with a clipped moustache and a tall, spare, but fit, figure.
By February of 1915 he was on a steamer for France and years of heavy fighting. De Wiart was in the thick of the fighting on the Western Front, commanding successively a brigade and three infantry batallions. During the course he was wounded seven more times, losing his left hand. He spent a fair bit of time in hospitals recovering from wounds. Henceforth, an empty sleeve added to his distinctive appearance.
Despite all this De Wiart said at the end, "Frankly I had enjoyed the war..." (Happy Odessy)
Adrian Carton De Wiart was, by this time, a legendary military hero.
Poland
At the end of the war Carton de Wiart was sent to Second Republic of Poland as second in command of the British Military Mission under General Louis Botha. After a brief period, he replaced General Botha. Poland desperately needed all the help it could get, as it was engaged with the Bolshevik Russia (Polish-Soviet War), the Ukrainians (Polish-Ukrainian War), the Lithuanians (Polish-Lithuanian War) and the Czechs (Czech-Polish border conflicts). There he encountered Ignacy Jan Paderewski, the great pianist and premier, Marshal Józef Piłsudski, the Chief of State and military commander, and General Maxime Weygand, head of the French military mission in mid 1920.
One of his tasks was to attempt to make peace between the Poles and the Ukrainian natonalists under Simon Petlyura. The Ukrainians were beseiging the city of Lwów (Uk., Lvov,; Ger., Lemberg). He was unsuccessful and formed a negative view of Petlyura, especially after Ukrainian forces machine gunned his train, killing two Polish officers aboard.
From there he went on to Paris to report on Polish conditions to the British prime minister, David Lloyd George and to General Sir Henry Hughes Wilson, (not to be confused with Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, mentioned above). Then back to Poland and many more front line adventures, this time in the Bolshevik zone, where the situation was grave. During this time he had significant interaction with the dean of the diplomatic corps, Cardinal Achille Ratti, later Pius XI, who wanted Carton De Wiart's advice as to whether to evacuate the diplomatic corps from Warsaw.
From all these affairs, Carton De Wiart developed a sympathy with the Poles and supported their claims to the eastern Galicia. This caused a falling out with Lloyd George at their next meeting, but endeared him to the Poles. His larger than life personality, straightforward manner, bravery and passion for hunting appealed to the Poles. He became rather close to the Polish leader, Marshal Piłsudski. After an airplane crash occasioning a brief period in Lithuanian captivity, he went back to England to report, this time to the Secretary of State for War, Winston Churchill. He passed on to Churchill Piłsudski's prediction that the White Russian offensive under Gen. Anton Denikin directed at Moscow would fail. It did shortly thereafter.
When the Poles had won the war by 1921, the British Military Mission was wound up and Carton de Wiart resigned his commission. He was not a peacetime soldier. His last Polish aide de camp was Prince Karol Radziwiłł, who inherited a gigantic 500,000 acre (2,000 km²) property in eastern Poland when the Communists killed his uncle. They became friends and Carton de Wiart was given the use of a large estate called Prostyń, in the Pripet Marshes, an enormous wetland area larger than Ireland, famous for waterfowl. Since borders have changed, it is now where Belarus, and The Ukraine come together. In this idyllic setting Carton De Wiart spent the rest of the interwar years. In his memoirs he said "I think I shot every day of those fifteen years I spent in the marshes and the pleasure never palled" (Happy Odyssey). Some 20,000 ducks fell to his guns during this time and he hunted elk and wild boar as well. All the game shot went to the local families, who were only too glad to get it. He discovered the pleasures of reading with a particular interest in true adventure stories. He made a point of not listening to the radio and took up fishing. He went back to England only twice.
Carton De Wiart's Polish idyll was interupted by oncoming war in July 1939 when he was summoned back to the colours and appointed to his old job, as head of the British Military Mission to Poland. Poland was attacked by Nazi Germany on 1 September and on 17 September the Soviets allied with Germany attacked Poland from the east. Soon Soviet forces overran Prostyń and de Wiart lost all his guns, rods, clothes, and furniture. He never saw the area again, but as he said "...they could not take my memories" (Happy Odyssey).
World War Two
The Polish Campaign
Carton de Wiart met with the Polish commander-in-chief, Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły in late August of 1939 and formed a low opinion of his capabilities. He strongly urged Rydz-Smigly to pull Polish forces back beyond the Vistula River, but was unsuccessful. The other advice he offered, to have the seagoing units of the Polish fleet leave the Baltic Sea, was, after much argument, finally adopted. This fleet made a significant contribution to the Allied cause later, especially several modern destroyers and submarines.
As Polish resistance faltered, de Wiart evacuated his mission from Warsaw along with the Polish government. Together with the Polish commander Rydz-Śmigły, de Wiart made his way with the rest of the British Mission to the Romanian border with both the Germans and the Soviets closing in. His car convoy was attacked by the Luftwaffe on the road, and the wife of one of his aides was killed. He was in danger of arrest in Romania and got out with a false pasport just in time, as the somewhat friendly Romanian prime minister was assassinated the day he left.
The Norwegian Campaign
After a brief stint in command of the 61st Division in the Midlands of England, Carton De Wiart was summoned in April 1940 to take charge of a hastily drawn together Anglo-French force to occupy a small town in western Norway. A fuller account of the campaign may be found here, "Namsos in April 1940". His orders were to take the city of Trondheim, some distance to the south, in conjunction with a naval attack and an advance from the south by troops landed at Ĺndalsnes. He had never met his troops before.
He decided to fly immediately to Namsos to get the lay of the land before the troops came in. When his Short Sunderland Flying Boat came in for a landing, it was attacked by a German fighter and his aide was wounded. After the French Alpine troops landed (without their transport mules and missing straps for their skis), the German Air Force bombed and destroyed the town of Namsos in a matter of hours. The British landed without transport, skis or artillery. There was no air cover. The French stayed put in Namsos for the remainder of the short campaign.
Despite these handicaps, De Wiart managed to move his forces over the mountains and down to Trondheim Fjord where they were promptly shelled by German destroyers! They had to retire north as they had no artillery to challenge the German ships. It soon became apparent that the whole Norweigan campaign was fast becoming a shambles. The naval attack on Trondheim, which was the reason for the Namsos landing, did not happen and his troops were sitting ducks without guns, transport, air cover or skis in a foot and a half of snow. They were being attacked by German ski troops. He recommended withdrawal. He was politely asked to hold his position for political reasons. He did.
After orders, counterorders and some genuinely foolish suggestions from London, the decision to evacuate was made. However, on the date set to get the first of the troops off, the ships did not show up. The next night a naval force arrived, led through the fog by Lord Louis Mountbatten. The transports got the whole force away, though bombed very severely on the way out, with a French destroyer and a British destroyer (HMS Afridi) sunk.
Carton De Wiart arrived back at the British naval base of Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands on his 60th birthday, May 5, 1940.
His one active command in World War II was not a sucess, but the blame could not be put on him in this cauldron of politics. As de Wiart said about the campaign "...war and politics seem bad mixers, like port and champaign. But if it wasn't for politicians we wouldn't have wars, and I, for one, should have been done out what for me is a very agreeable life." This was well before the time of political correctness.
Ireland and the Mediterranean
De Wiart was posted back to the command of the 61st Division, which was soon transferred to Northern Ireland as a defence against invasion. He fell in love with Ireland, the moist climate perhaps reminding him of his beloved Pripet Marshes. A great trainer of troops, de Wiart brought the 61st up to a high standard of efficiency. He made many good friends in the country. However the arrival of Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Pownall as Commander-in-Chief in Northern Ireland was a sad occasion. De Wiart was told that he was simply too old to command a division on active duty. He was put on the shelf.
He remained inactive very briefly, as he was appointed as head of the British Military Mission to Yugoslavia on April 5th, 1941. Hitler was preparing to invade the country and the Yugoslavs asked for British help. Time was of the essence, so de Wiart departed England in a Wellington Bomber, bound for Belgrade.
After refuelling in Malta the aircraft left for Cairo running the gauntlet with enemy territory to the north and south. Both engines failed off the coast of Italian-controlled Libya, and the plane crash landed in the sea about a mile from land. Carton de Wiart was knocked out, but the cold water brought him to. When the plane broke up and went down, he and the rest aboard were forced to swim a mile to shore. They were captured by the Italian authorities.
De Wiart was a high profile prisoner and was transferred to a special prison for senior officers, first at Castello di Vincigliati and then at Fiesole, just outside Florence. There were quite a few prisoners here because of the large "bag" made by Rommel in North Africa early in 1941. De Wiart made friends, especially with General Sir Richard O'Connor, Thomas Daniel Knox, 6th Earl of Ranfurly and Lieutenant General Philip Neame VC. The four were committed to escaping. He made five unsuccessful attempts including seven months tunneling. Once de Wiart evaded capture for eight days disguised as an Italian peasant. But he was in northern Italy, did not speak Italian, was 61 years old with an eye patch, one empty sleeve and multiple injuries. He did well to stay out so long.
Then, in a surprising development, de Wiart was taken from his prison in August of 1943, and driven to Rome. Italy was trying to get out of the war, and backdoor negotiations were going slowly. Carton de Wiart was to accompany an Italian negotiator, General Zanussi , to Lisbon to meet Allied contacts to facilitate the surrender. When they reached Lisbon, De Wiart was released and made his way to England, reaching there on August 28, 1943.
China mission
Within a month of his arrival back in England, de Wiart was summoned to spend a night at the Prime Minister's country home at Chequers. Churchill informed him that he was to be sent to China as his personal representative. He left by air for India on October 18, 1943.
In India, de Wiart spent time getting an understanding of the situation in China, especially being briefed by a genuine tai-pan, John Keswick, head of the great China trading empire, Jardine Matheson. He spent time with the Viceroy, Lord Archibald Wavell and with Sir Claude Auchinleck, the Commander-in-Chief in India. He had great respect for both. He also met the controversial Orde Wingate.
Before arriving in China, Carton de Wiart attended the Cairo summit meeting attended by Churchill, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. There is a famous picture of these worthies gathered in a Cairo garden, with Carton de Wiart standing behind them. He was one of the few to hit it off with the notoriously irasible commander of US forces in the China-Burma-India Theatre, General Joseph Stilwell. Perhaps each recognized in the other a true warrior.
He arrived in the headquarters of the Nationalist Chinese Government, Chungking (Chongqing), in early December 1943. For the next three years he was to be involved in a host of reporting, diplomatic and administrative duties in the remote war time capital. He got on well with Chiang kai-Shek and his formidable wife, indeed, when he finally retired he was offered a job by Chiang. He regularly flew out to India to liase with British officials. His old friend, O'Connor had escaped from the Italian prisoner of war camp and was now in command of British troops in eastern India. The Governor of Bengal, the Australian Richard Casey, became a good friend, his wife having nursed de Wiart on one of his many hospital visits in World War One. He was not only brave, but had a great capacity to take the most out of life he could.
De Wiart returned home in December, 1944 to report to the War Cabinet on the Chinese situation. He seems to have made a good impression on the Deputy Prime Minister as well as on Churchill, since Clement Attlee, when he became head of the Labour Government in June 1945, asked de Wiart to stay on in China.
His taste for action had not dimmed, and he finagled a tour of the Burma Front, and befriending Admiral Sir James Somerville, CinC of the East Indies Fleet, he had a front seat in the Battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth for the bombardment of Sabang in the Netherlands East Indies in 1945.
A good part of de Wiart's reporting had to do with the increasing power of the Chinese Communists. He met Mao Tse Tung at dinner and had a memorable exchange with him, interrupting his propaganda spiel to give him a tongue lashing for holding back from fighting the Japanese for domestic poitical reasons.Mao was briefly stunned, and then laughed. De Wiart had no illusions about Communists since his encounters with them in Eastern Europe in the early twenties.
After the Japanese surrender in August, 1945, de Wiart flew to Singapore to participate in the formal surrender. After a visit to Peking (Biejing), he moved to Nanking (Nanjing), the now liberated Nationalist capital. Then another trip home to report to the new Labour Government.
A visit to Tokyo to meet General Douglas MacArthur came at the end of his tenure. He was now 66 and it was time to retire, despite the offer of a job by Chiang.
Retirement
En route home via French Indochina, de Wiart stopped in Rangoon as a guest of the army commander. Coming down stairs, he slipped on coconut matting, fell down, broke his back and several vertebra and knocked himself out. A sad end for an old warrior returning home. He eventually made it to England and into a hospital where he slowly mended. The doctors succeeded in extracting a remarkable amount of shrapnel from his old wounds and generally patched him up.
But the old warrior was not through yet. Sheer will got him on his feet and soon he was on the road again, to Belgium to visit relatives. His wife died in 1949 and in 1951, at the age of 71, he remarried and settled in County Cork, Ireland, to resume a life with fishing rod and shotgun.
The old hero died at the age of 83 on June 5, 1963.
Reference
External links
This page has been migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference with permission.
