This is a chronological list of programming languages.

Legend:

( Entry ) means not a universal programming language

* <YEAR> means no direct predecessor / unique language

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Predecessor(s)	Year	Name	Chief Developer, Company
Pre 1950
*	~1840	first program	Ada Lovelace
*	1945	Plankalkül	Konrad Zuse
1950s
*	1952	A-0	Grace Hopper
*	1954	Mark I Autocode	Tony Brooker
A-0	1954-1955	FORTRAN "0" (concept)	John W. Backus at IBM
A-0	1954	ARITH-MATIC	Grace Hopper
A-0	1954	MATH-MATIC	Grace Hopper
*	1954	IPL V (concept)	Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
A-0	1955	FLOW-MATIC	Grace Hopper
IPL	1956-1958	LISP (concept)	John McCarthy
FLOW-MATIC	1957	COMTRAN	Bob Bemer
FORTRAN 0	1957	FORTRAN "I" (implementation)	John W. Backus at IBM
*	1957	COMIT (concept)
FORTRAN I	1958	FORTRAN II	John W. Backus at IBM
FORTRAN	1958	ALGOL 58 (IAL)	International effort
*	1958	IPL V (implementation)	Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN	1959	COBOL (concept)	The Codasyl Committee
IPL	1959	LISP (implementation)	John McCarthy
	1959	TRAC (concept)	Mooers
1960s
ALGOL 58	1960	ALGOL 60
FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN	1960	COBOL 61 (implementation)	The Codasyl Committee
*	1961	COMIT (implementation)
FORTRAN II	1962	FORTRAN IV
*	1962	APL (concept)	Iverson
ALGOL 58	1962	MAD	Arden , et. al.
ALGOL 60	1962	SIMULA (concept)
FORTRAN II, COMIT	1962	SNOBOL	Griswold, et al.
ALGOL 60	1963	CPL	Barron, Strachey, et al.
SNOBOL	1962	SNOBOL4 (concept)	Griswold, et al.
ALGOL 60	1963	ALGOL 68 (concept)	van Wijngaarden, et al.
ALGOL 58	1963	JOSS I	Cliff Shaw, RAND
CPL, LISP	1964	COWSEL	Burstall , Popplestone
ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN	1964	PL/I (concept)	IBM
FORTRAN II, JOSS	1964	BASIC	Kemeny and Kurtz
	1964	TRAC (implementation)	Mooers
	1964?	IITRAN
JOSS	1965	TELCOMP	BBN
JOSS I	1966	JOSS II	Chuck Baker, RAND
FORTRAN II	1966	FORTRAN IV
LISP	1966	ISWIM	Landin
ALGOL 60	1966	CORAL66
CPL	1967	BCPL	Richards
FORTRAN, TELCOMP	1967	MUMPS	Massachusetts General Hospital
*	1967	APL (implementation)	Iverson
ALGOL 60	1967	SIMULA 67 (implementation)	Dahl, Myhrhaug ,Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral
SNOBOL	1967	SNOBOL4 (implementation)	Griswold, et al.
COWSEL	1968	POP-1	Burstall , Popplestone
	1968	FORTH (concept)	Moore
LISP	1968	LOGO	Papert
ALGOL 60	1969	ALGOL 68 (implementation)	van Wijngaarden, et al.
ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN	1969	PL/I (implementation)	IBM
1970s
	1970?	FORTH (implementation)	Moore
POP-1	1970	POP-2
ALGOL 60	1971	Pascal	Wirth, Jensen
SIMULA 67	1972	Smalltalk-72	Xerox PARC
B, BCPL, ALGOL 68	1972	C	Ritchie
*	1972	INTERCAL
2-level W-Grammar	1972	Prolog	Colmerauer
Pascal, BASIC	1973	COMAL	Christensen , Løfstedt
BASIC	1974	GRASS	DeFanti
LISP	1975	Scheme	Sussman, Steele
BASIC	1975	Altair BASIC	Gates, Allen
Smalltalk-72	1976	Smalltalk-76	Xerox PARC
C, FORTRAN	1976	Ratfor	Kernighan
*	1977	FP	John Backus
*	1977	Bourne Shell (sh)	Bourne
MUMPS	1977	Standard MUMPS
FORTRAN IV	1978	FORTRAN 77
*	1978	VISICALC	Bricklin, Frankston at VisiCorp
PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2	1979	REXX	Cowlishaw
C, SNOBOL	1979	Awk	Aho, Weinberger , Kernighan
*	1979	Vulcan dBase-II	Ratliff
ALGOL 68	1979	Green	Ichbiah et al. at US Dept of Defense
1980s
C, SIMULA 67	1980	C with Classes	Stroustrup
Smalltalk-76	1980	Smalltalk-80	Xerox PARC
Green	1983	Ada 83	US Dept of Defense
C with Classes	1983	C++	Stroustrup
Pascal	1983	Turbo Pascal	Hejlsberg
BASIC	1983	True BASIC	Kemeny, Kurtz at Dartmouth University
sh	1984?	Korn Shell (ksh)	Dave Korn
*	1984	Standard ML
dBase	1984	CLIPPER	Nantucket
1977MUMPS	1985	1984 MUMPS
dBase	1985	PARADOX	Borland
Interpress	1985	PostScript	Warnock
BASIC	1985	QuickBASIC	Microsoft
	1986	Miranda	David Turner at University of Kent
	1986	LabVIEW	National Instruments
SIMULA 67	1986	Eiffel	Meyer
	1986	Informix-4GL	Informix
Smalltalk	1987	Self (concept)	Sun Microsystems Inc.
*	1987	HyperTalk	Apple
*	1987	SQL-87
C, sed, awk, sh	1987	Perl	Wall
MATLAB	1988	Octave
dBase-III	1988	dBase-IV
Awk, Lisp	1988	Tcl	Ousterhout
REXX	1988	Object REXX	Simon Nash
Turbo Pascal	1989	Turbo Pascal OOP	Borland
C	1989	Standard C	ANSI X3.159-1989 (adopted by ISO in 1990)
Modula-2	1989	Oberon	Wirth
1990s
APL, FP	1990	J	Iverson, R. Hui at Iverson Software
Miranda	1990	Haskell
1984MUMPS	1990	1990 MUMPS
	1991	Python	Van Rossum
	1991	Q
QuickBASIC	1991	Visual Basic	Alan Cooper at Microsoft
SQL-87	1992	SQL-92
Turbo Pascal OOP	1992	Borland Pascal
ksh	1993?	Z Shell (zsh)
Smalltalk	1993?	Self (implementation)	Sun Microsystems Inc.
Forth	1993	FALSE	Oortmerrsen
FALSE	1993	Brainfuck	Mueller
HyperTalk	1993	Revolution Transcript
HyperCard	1993	AppleScript	Apple
APL, Lisp	1993	K	Whitney
Smalltalk, Perl	1993	Ruby
	1993	Lua	Waldemar Celes et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio
C	1993	ZPL	Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington
Ada 83	1995	Ada 95	ISO
Borland Pascal	1995	Delphi	Anders Hejlsberg at Borland
C, SIMULA67 OR C++, Smalltalk	1995	Java	James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
1990MUMPS	1995	1995 MUMPS
Self, Java	1995?	LiveScript	Brendan Eich atNetscape
REXX	1996	NetRexx	Cowlishaw
LiveScript	1997?	JavaScript	Brendan Eich at Netscape
SML 84	1997	SML 97
PHP 3	1997	PHP
Scheme	1997	Pico	Free University of Brussels
Smalltalk-80, Self	1997	Squeak Smalltalk	Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer
JavaScript	1997?	ECMAScript	ECMA TC39-TG1
C++	1998	Standard C++	ANSI/ISO Standard C++
	1998	Erlang	Open Source Erlang at Ericsson
2000s
FP, Forth	2000	Joy	von Thun
C, C++	2000	D	Walter Bright at Digital Mars
C, C++, Java	2000	C#	Anders Hejlsberg at Microsoft(ECMA)
Whitespace	2003	Whitespace	Brady and Morris
Perl, C++	2003	S2	Fitzpatrick, Atkins
C#, ML, MetaHaskell	2003	Nemerle	University of Wroclaw
J, FL, K	2003	NGL	E. Herrera at Tlällian
Joy, Forth, Lisp	2003	Factor	Slava Pestov

See also

• Other listings of programming languages:
  • Alphabetical list of programming languages
  • Categorical list of programming languages
  • Generational list of programming languages
• Programming language
• Timeline of computing
• History of computing hardware

External links

• Diagram & history of programming languages
• Eric Levenez's timeline diagram of computer languages history