Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the ovaries of a female animal. In the case of non-human animals, this is also called spaying. It is a form of sterilization.

The removal of the ovaries together with the Fallopian tubes is called salpingo-oophorectomy. Oophorectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy are not common forms of birth control in humans; more usual is tubal ligation, in which the Fallopian tubes are blocked but the ovaries remain intact.

In humans, oophorectomy is most usually performed together with a hysterectomy - the removal of the uterus. Its use in a hysterectomy when there are no other health problems is somewhat controversial.

In animals, spaying involves an invasive removal of the ovaries, but rarely has major complications; the superstition that it causes weight gain is not based on fact. Spaying is especially important for certain animals that require the ovum to be released at a certain interval (called estrus or "heat"), such as cats and dogs. If the cell is not released during these animal's heat, it can cause severe medical problems that can be averted by spaying or partnering the animal with a male.

Oophorectomy is sometimes referred to as castration, but that term is most often used to mean the removal of a male animal's testicles.

See also

• tubal ligation & birth control
• circumcision
• genital mutilation & female circumcision

The Woodcraft Folk are a UK based educational movement for children and young people. The aims of this youth organisation are to develop self-confidence and activity in society, with the intention of working towards "a world based on equality, peace, social justice and co-operation". Whilst sharing many of the same historical roots as the Scouting movement, the Woodcraft Folk's direct antecedent was the Kindred of the Kibbo Kift, an organisation led by ex-Scout Commissioner for Woodcraft and Camping John Hargrave , who had broken with what he considered to be the Scout's militaristic approach in the years immediately after the First World War. The Woodcraft Folk was established in 1925 after the south London co-operative groups challenged Hargrave's authoritarian tendencies and broke away from the Kindred.

The name 'woodcraft' was used by the influential writer and naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton at the turn of the twentieth century when setting up the American proto-scouting organisation Woodcraft Indians , and in this context meant the skill of living in the open air, close to nature.

Woodcraft Folk groups operate in England, Scotland and Wales, generally meeting weekly, and their activities include co-operative games , drama, craftwork, singing and dancing, as well as following an educational programme based on the organisations aims and principles. Group nights last between one and two hours, depending on the age of the children or young people. Groups are divided by age:

• Under sixes are known as 'Woodchips'
• Six to nine year olds are known as 'Elfins'
• Ten to twelve year olds are 'Pioneers'
• Thirteen to fifteen year olds are 'Venturers'
• Older teenagers and young adults organise their own activities, and are known as District Fellows.

The Woodcraft Folk are a democratic organisation. Policies are decided at annual conference, attended by delegates from groups and local districts. Between annual conferences, responsibility for running the organisation falls on the members of the General Council. The organisation state that they "are proud of the fact that about half of our current General Council are young people under 25 years of age".

The official slogan of the Woodcraft Folk is; Span the world with friendship; Although a British organisation, they have sister organisations throughout the world, by being a part of the Brussels-based federation of progressive youth organisations, the International Falcon Movement (IFM-SEI). International camps where similar organisations can meet up and network are held every six years or so.

External links

• Official website http://www.woodcraft.org.uk
• History and archives http://www.woodcraftheritage.org.uk

See also

• UK topics