Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the ovaries of a female animal. In the case of non-human animals, this is also called spaying. It is a form of sterilization.
The removal of the ovaries together with the Fallopian tubes is called salpingo-oophorectomy. Oophorectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy are not common forms of birth control in humans; more usual is tubal ligation, in which the Fallopian tubes are blocked but the ovaries remain intact.
In humans, oophorectomy is most usually performed together with a hysterectomy - the removal of the uterus. Its use in a hysterectomy when there are no other health problems is somewhat controversial.
In animals, spaying involves an invasive removal of the ovaries, but rarely has major complications; the superstition that it causes weight gain is not based on fact. Spaying is especially important for certain animals that require the ovum to be released at a certain interval (called estrus or "heat"), such as cats and dogs. If the cell is not released during these animal's heat, it can cause severe medical problems that can be averted by spaying or partnering the animal with a male.
Oophorectomy is sometimes referred to as castration, but that term is most often used to mean the removal of a male animal's testicles.
A tafsir (tafsīr, also transliterated tafseer, Arabic "explanation") is Qur'anic exegisis or commentary. Someone who writes tafsir is a mufassir (mufassir, plural mufassirīn).
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The sources for commentary of the Qur'an are: 1) The Qur'an itself. This is the most superior form of tafsir, because the Qu'ran explains itself. 2) The Hadith. Muslims believe that God has sent the Prophet Muhammed for the reason of explaining and clarifying to people the Qur'an. Much tafsir of the Qur'an can be found in books of Hadith, under titles such as "Meaning of Qur'anic verses." This is the second most superior form of tafsir, because the Prophet of God is explaining it. 3) The reports of the Sahaba. The Sahaba or Companions of the Prophet Muhammed, knew the Prophet, and therefore have better insight into the Qur'an. If there is a consensus of the Companions on a certain verse, then it is followed, if not then later scholars interpret which has the better argument using Islamic principles. 4) After the reports of the Sahaba or Companions, is the reports of those who learned from the companions. These people grew up in an environment with people who had known the Prophet, so their insight is the next in line of the sources of tafsir. 5) Reason. The last and final source, and the weakest of all sources, to explain the Qur'an is using reason. By reason it is meant as deductive logic and evaluation of arguments to reach a conclusion.
It is prohibited to perform Qur'anic tafsir using soley one's own opinion. This is based on the authenticated hadith of the Prophet which states it is prohibited.
Major tafsirs of the Qur'an come from
Ibn Kathir: Tafsir ibn Kathir - A classical tafsir of the Qur'an, it can be considered a summary of the earlier Tafseer Ibn Jarir.
Imam Fakhr ud-Deen ar-Razi - "Mafateeh ul Ghayb" a.k.a Tafseer Kabir
Qadhi Abu Saud al-Hanafi - "Irshaad ul Aql as-Saleem ila Mazaya al-Quraan al-Kareem" a.k.a Tafseer Abu Saud
Imam Abu Abdullah al-Qurtabi - "al-Jaami' li Akaam il-Quraan" by the famous Maliki Jurist of Cordoba
Allaamah Mahmood Aaloosi al-Hanafi - "Tafseer Rooh ul Ma'ani fi Tafseer il Quraan al-Azeem wa Saba' al-Mathani" a.k.a Rooh ul Ma'ani
Imam Al-Ghazali: A Thematic Commentary of the Qur'an - Another classical tafsir by a great Sunni Imam who practiced tawassuf (the act of sufism, not the sufi sect)
Sayyed Qutb: In the Shade of the Qu'ran - Many praise it as a modern tafsir of the Qur'an, many scholars including some Wahhabi and Salafi scholars say that Qutb had little Islamic knowledge and did tafsir in his own opinion. It has also been attacked for not containing the classical tafsir style (using the above mentioned sources).
Abul Ala Maududi : Tafheem ul Quraan - A Tafseer that has been widely condemned by the traditional scholars for excessive use of personal opinion
Shiite Tafsir link needed