In mathematics, especially in probability theory and statistics, and also in linear algebra and computer science, a stochastic matrix is a square matrix whose columns are probability vectors, i.e., the entries in each column are nonnegative real numbers whose sum is 1. It is the same thing as the matrix of transition probabilities of a finite Markov chain.

Here is an example of a stochastic matrix P:

If G is a stochastic matrix, then a steady-state vector or equilibrium vector for G is a probability vector h such that:

Gh = h

An example:

and

This case shows that Gh = 1h. For equations that show Gh = βh, for some real number β like Gh = 4h or Gh = −21h, see eigenvector.

A stochastic matrix is regular if some matrix power P^k contains only strictly positive entries.

Take P from above as a stochastic matrix:

Therefore, P is a regular stochastic matrix.

The Stochastic Matrix Theorem says if A is a regular stochastic matrix, then A has a steady-state vector t so that if x_o is any initial state and x_k+1 = Ax_k for k = 0, 1, 2, ..... then the Markov chain {x_k} converges to t as k -> infinity. That is:

See also Muirhead's inequality.