Oophorectomy

Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the ovaries of a female animal. In the case of non-human animals, this is also called spaying. It is a form of sterilization.

The removal of the ovaries together with the Fallopian tubes is called salpingo-oophorectomy. Oophorectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy are not common forms of birth control in humans; more usual is tubal ligation, in which the Fallopian tubes are blocked but the ovaries remain intact.

In humans, oophorectomy is most usually performed together with a hysterectomy - the removal of the uterus. Its use in a hysterectomy when there are no other health problems is somewhat controversial.

In animals, spaying involves an invasive removal of the ovaries, but rarely has major complications; the superstition that it causes weight gain is not based on fact. Spaying is especially important for certain animals that require the ovum to be released at a certain interval (called estrus or "heat"), such as cats and dogs. If the cell is not released during these animal's heat, it can cause severe medical problems that can be averted by spaying or partnering the animal with a male.

Oophorectomy is sometimes referred to as castration, but that term is most often used to mean the removal of a male animal's testicles.

See also


States of Malaysia

Malaysia is divided into 13 states (negeri), and 3 federal territories (wilayah persekutuan) marked by a *. (Capital cities are in parentheses.)

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Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia

East Malaysia in Borneo

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The nine Malay states have a native titular Ruler (known as Sultan, Raja or Yang di-Pertuan Besar) and an executive Chief Minister or Menteri Besar. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are known as Sultans. Negeri Sembilan's ruler holds the title of Yang Dipertuan Besar. Perlis on the other hand is the only Malaysian state where the ruler is titled as Raja. The former British crown colonies of Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak each have a titular Governor (known as Yang DiPertua Negeri) and an executive Chief Minister.

History

Singapore was a Malaysian state from the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 until Singapore separated from the rest of Malaysia on 9 August 1965.


States and Federal Territories of Malaysia Flag of Malaysia
States: Johor | Kedah | Kelantan | Malacca | Negeri Sembilan | Pahang | Perak | Perlis | Penang | Sabah | Sarawak | Selangor | Terengganu
Federal Territories: Kuala Lumpur | Labuan | Putrajaya



Last updated: 02-10-2005 23:57:16