Samuel Nelson (10 November 1792 - 13 December 1873) was an American attorney and U.S. Supreme Court justice.

He was born in Hebron, New York in 1792. He was licensed to practice law in 1817.

Nelson married Pamela Woods in 1819. In 1825, after Pamela's death, he married Catharine Russell .

Nelson was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1845 by President John Tyler to succeed the deceased Justice Smith Thompson. Nelson would serve as a Justice until his resignation in 1872.

Samuel Nelson died in Cooperstown, New York in 1873.