Rudolph Martin Anderson (June 30 1876 – June 21 1961) was a Canadian zoologist and explorer.

He was born in Iowa in 1876. He participated in the Stefansson-Anderson Arctic Expedition which explored Alaska and the northern Yukon from 1908 to 1912 and was part of the Canadian Arctic Expedition led by Vilhjalmur Stefansson from 1913 to 1916.

He assisted in the development of the Migratory Birds Convention signed by Canada and the United States in 1916. He was chief of the Biology Division of the National Museum of Canada, now the Canadian Museum of Nature, from 1920 to 1946.

He died in Ottawa in 1961.