Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (February 3, 1830–August 22, 1903). Also known as Lord Robert Cecil (before 1865) and Viscount Cranborne (1865–1868). British statesman and Prime Minister.
Life
Lord Robert Cecil was the second son of the 2nd Marquess of Salisbury. After an unhappy childhood, in which he studied at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, he went into politics, entering the House of Commons as a Conservative in 1853.
In 1857, Cecil married Georgina Alderson, a woman of low social standing, in spite of his father's objections. The marriage proved a happy one, producing five sons and two daughters. In 1866 Cecil, now called Viscount Cranborne (due to the death of his older brother), entered the third government of Lord Derby as Secretary of State for India, but resigned the next year over the Reform Bill, which he opposed.
In 1868, on the death of his father, he inherited the Marquessate of Salisbury, thereby becoming a member of the House of Lords.
He returned to government again in 1874, serving once again as India Secretary in the government of Benjamin Disraeli. Gradually, Salisbury developed a good relationship with Disraeli, whom he had previously disliked and distrusted, at least partially due to the latter's Jewish origins. In 1878, Salisbury succeeded Lord Derby (son of the former Prime Minister) as Foreign Secretary, in time to help lead Britain to "peace with honour" at the Congress of Berlin. For this he was rewarded with the Order of the Garter.
Following Disraeli's death in 1881, the Conservatives entered a period of turmoil. Salisbury became the leader of the Conservative members of the House of Lords though the overall leadership of the party was not formally allocated and so he struggled with the Commons leader Sir Stafford Northcote, a struggle in which Salisbury eventually emerged as the leading figure to become Prime Minister of a minority administration from 1885 to 1886. Although he was unable to accomplish much in this administration, due to his tenuous command over the Commons, the split of the Liberals over Irish Home Rule in 1886 enabled him to return to power with a parliamentary majority, and, with a short break (1892–1895) to serve as Prime Minister throughout the period from 1886 to 1902.
Salisbury's expertise was in foreign affairs, and uncharacteristically, for most of his time as Prime Minister he served not as First Lord of the Treasury, the traditional position held by the Prime Minister, but as Foreign Secretary. In that capacity, he skillfully managed Britain's foreign affairs, famously pursuing a policy of "Glorious Isolation", while at home he staunchly opposed Irish Home Rule. Among the important events of his premierships was the Partition of Africa, culminating in the Fashoda Crisis and the Boer War.
On July 11, 1902, Salisbury resigned from office due to ill health and heart-broken over his wife's death. He was succeeded by his nephew, Arthur James Balfour. Salisbury was the last peer to serve as Prime Minister, with the brief exception of the 14th Earl of Home who renounced his peerage within a few days of being appointed.
Family
Salisbury was the third son of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, a minor Tory politician. He went against his father's wishes and married Georgina Alderson, the daughter of Sir Edward Alderson , a moderately notable jurist. Robert and Georgina had eight children, all but one of whom survived infancy.
Lord Salisbury's First Government, July 1885–February 1886
Changes
Lord Salisbury's Second Government, August 1886–August 1892
Cabinet after the reorganization of January, 1887
Further Changes
Lord Salisbury's Third Government, June 1895–July 1902
Changes
November, 1900 - Complete reorganization of the ministry:
|- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" |Preceded by:
The Duke of Argyll | width="40%" style="text-align: center;" |Secretary of State for India
1874–1878 | width="30%" |Succeeded by:
The Viscount Cranbrook
|- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" |Preceded by:
The Earl of Derby | width="40%" style="text-align: center;" |Foreign Secretary
1878–1880 | width="30%" |Succeeded by:
The Earl Granville
|- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" |Preceded by:
The Earl of Beaconsfield | width="40%" style="text-align: center;" |Leader of the British Conservative Party
1881–1902
Co-equal with Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt to 1885 | width="30%" |Succeeded by:
Arthur James Balfour
|- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" |Preceded by:
William Ewart Gladstone | width="40%" style="text-align: center;" |Prime Minister
1885–1886 | width="30%" |Succeeded by:
William Ewart Gladstone
|- |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2" | Preceded by:
William Ewart Gladstone |width="40%" style="text-align: center;" | Prime Minister
1886–1892 |width="30%" align="center" | Succeeded by:
William Ewart Gladstone |- |width="40%" style="text-align: center;" | First Lord of the Treasury
1886–1887 |width="30%" align="center" | Succeeded by:
William Henry Smith
|- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" |Preceded by:
The Earl Granville | width="40%" style="text-align: center;" |Leader of the House of Lords
1886–1892 | width="30%" |Succeeded by:
The Earl of Kimberley
|- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" |Preceded by:
The Earl of Iddesleigh | width="40%" style="text-align: center;" |Foreign Secretary
1887–1892 | width="30%" |Succeeded by:
The Earl of Rosebery
|- |width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2" | Preceded by:
The Earl of Rosebery |width="40%" style="text-align: center;" | Prime Minister
1895–1902 |width="30%" align="center" | Succeeded by:
Arthur James Balfour |- |width="40%" style="text-align: center;" | Leader of the House of Lords
1895–1902 |width="30%" align="center" | Succeeded by:
The Duke of Devonshire
|- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" |Preceded by:
The Earl of Kimberley | width="40%" style="text-align: center;" |Foreign Secretary
1895–1900 | width="30%" |Succeeded by:
The Marquess of Lansdowne
|- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" |Preceded by:
The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava | width="40%" style="text-align: center;" |Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
1895–1903 | width="30%" |Succeeded by:
The Lord Curzon of Kedleston
|- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" |Preceded by:
The Viscount Cross | width="40%" style="text-align: center;" |Lord Privy Seal
1900–1902 | width="30%" |Succeeded by:
Arthur Balfour
