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Queen of Canada)
Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a Commonwealth Realm with Queen Elizabeth II as its reigning monarch and head of state.
In Canada, Her Majesty's official title is (in English) Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. In French, Her Majesty's title is: Elizabeth Deux, par la grâce de Dieu, Reine du Royaume-Uni, du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défendeur de la Foi. Such capacity is Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada. In common practice Queen Elizabeth II is referred to simply as "The Queen" or "The Queen of Canada" when in Canada, or when abroad and acting on the advice of her Canadian ministers (such as when she was present at the Canadian 60th anniversary of D-Day ceremony in France, in 2004).
Constitutional monarchy in Canada
The most notable features of the Canadian constitutional monarchy are:
- Although Queen Elizabeth II is also monarch of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom does not have any sovereignty over Canada (nor does Canada have any sovereignty over the United Kingdom).
- In all matters of state, the monarch is advised exclusively by the governments in Canada. See also Queen's Privy Council for Canada. No British government can advise the monarch on Canadian matters.¹
- All executive power is theoretically reposed in the Queen, who is represented in Canada by the Governor General of Canada, the lieutenant governors of the provinces, and the territorial commissioners. Royal Assent is required for all acts of Parliament and the legislatures, which sit at her pleasure. Persons swearing allegiance to Canada, such as immigrants, soldiers, and parliamentarians, swear allegiance to the monarch as the legal embodiment of Canadian sovereignty. Like lieutenant governors the Commissioners of Canada's territories of Nunavut, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories are appointed by Governor-General-in-Council, that is the Federal Government. However commissioners are not formal representatives of the Crown, and receive instructions from the federal Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs. However, as the role of commissioner has become analogous to that of lieutenant governor, the position has developed an informal role of representing the Crown.
- The legal personality of Canada is referred to as "Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada," and likewise for the provinces and territories. For example, if a lawsuit is filed against the federal government, the respondent is formally described as Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.
- As in the UK, the Queen's role is nearly entirely symbolic and cultural, and the powers that are theoretically hers are exercised wholly upon the advice of the elected government. In exceptional circumstances, however, the Queen may act against such advice based upon her reserve powers. In practice, the monarchy functions much like a rubber stamp and a symbol of executive authority. It is often explained that the Queen reigns but does not rule. For more explanation of the Queen's role, see Governor General of Canada.
Queen Elizabeth II, The Queen of Canada, reads the Speech from the Throne
- Queen Elizabeth II, as is common for all her other non-UK realms, usually assumes the role of "Queen of Canada" only when she is either present in Canada or (occasionally) when she performs certain ceremonies relevant to Canada (such as conferring Canadian honours) in the UK. The majority of the Queen's duties are now performed by the Governor General, although she could technically override any of the Governor General's decisions. However, this convention has been excepted during certain visits to the United States, since it has become traditional for the Queen to incorporate such visits into some of her longer Canadian tours. In 1959, for example, the return dinner for the President of the United States was held at the Canadian, not the British, embassy.
- The Queen's visible role in Canada has diminished greatly throughout the late 20th century, however, she is still featured on all Canadian coinage, the twenty-dollar bill, and postage stamps. Her portrait can usually be found in all government buildings, military installations, schools, and all of Canada's embassies abroad.
- The Queen is head of the Canadian honours system. As such, only she can approve the creation of an honour, based on the recommendation of the Government of Canada. The Governor General administers all responsibilities relating to Canadian honours on the Queen's behalf.
History
Since the creation of New France, there has not been a time when Canada was not a monarchy. In fact, Canada is one of the oldest continuing monarchies in the world, first under the kings of France in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries and then under the British crown in the 18th and 19th centuries. Following Confederation, the "Canadianization" of the crown began.
The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927 replaced the concept of a singular crown throughout the British Empire with multiple crowns with each dominion as a separate kingdom, all worn by the common monarch. The Statute of Westminster 1931 granted the dominions of the Commonwealth autonomy from the British parliament and equality with the United Kingdom. However, when a new Royal Titles Act was passed at the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, it gave primacy to the monarch's status as Queen of the United Kingdom. Canada's constitution was patriated under Prime Minister Trudeau in 1982, becoming a Canadian law rather than an act of the British parliament which required amendment in both jurisdictions. See Canada Act 1982.
The Constitution Act of 1982 also entrenched the monarchy in Canada, though some have disputed this. Any change to the position of the monarch or the monarch's representatives in Canada now requires the consent of the Senate, the House of Commons, and the legislative assemblies of all the provinces.
Today, virtually all of the Queen's Canadian duties are performed by her representatives in Canada, the Governor General and the lieutenant governors of the provinces, though occasionally the Queen's authority is appealed to by Canada's partisan political leaders. In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney appealed to the Queen (under Section 26 of The Constitution Act, 1867) to temporarily add eight seats to the Senate (a right reserved for the Queen). Senators are appointed until the age of 75 in Canada. Mulroney made this move to secure passage of the controversial Goods and Services Tax, which faced widespread opposition in Canada and would not have passed without the votes of the newly appointed senators.
This was an occasion on which the Queen played a significant role in Canadian government, though as the monarch's advisors made clear, she felt bound follow the advice of the prime minister, who was answerable to cabinet, parliament, and the Canadian electorate. They argued that to overrule prime ministerial advice would have involved the Queen directly in controversy; by automatically accepting advice she placed the responsibility on the person giving the advice. It is also possible that if the Governor General decides to go against the Prime Minister's or the government's advice, the Prime Minister could appeal directly to the Queen or even recommend that the Queen to dismiss the Governor General.
Beginning January 1 2005, the Letters of Credence foreign diplomats present when beginning an assignment in Canada are addressed to the Governor General of Canada without making any reference to the Queen. This is also the case with Letters of Recall presented when a diplomat finishes a sojurn in Canada. This change in protocol has been criticised by Canadian monarchists as an example of the government reducing the Queen's role and has been welcomed by republicans for the same reason.
Portraits of the Queen (here with the
Duke of Edinburgh) can be found in most Canadian government buildings
Debate on the Monarchy
In contrast to Australian republicanism, there is not widespread support for a republic, partly because few Canadians may understand the present monarchical system of government. However, throughout the late 20th century there has been increased discussion, mostly academic, of the need for a "Canadian Monarchy". Some republican groups have formed and some politicians, such as former Deputy Prime Minister John Manley, have expressed interest in ending the monarchy. In 2002, Canada's first nationally organized republican movement was established to promote the issue of Canadianizing the head of state and bring the issue into the mainstream. The non-partisan Citizens for a Canadian Republic now has chapters and members across Canada.
The monarchist side, by contrast tends to be considerably better organized and enjoys more mainstream attention. The Monarchist League of Canada was formed in 1970 and currently exists as a strong lobby group advocating and promoting the monarchy in Canada.
Public opinion polls have clearly shown Canadians' mixed feelings towards the monarchy. Some polls show a majority of Canadians, particularly in Quebec, support the creation of a republic, others show a majority favour retaining the current system. Generally however, the prevailing mood towards the monarchy suggested by most polls is one of indifference or apathy.
Quebec, however, is one province that overwhelmingly supports a republic. This became pronounced in the 1960s due to the growing Quebec separatist movement. A key moment was the Queen's visit to Quebec City in 1964 when she was greeted by anti-monarchist demonstrations and the route of her procession was lined with Quebecers showing their backs to the monarch. On Samedi de la matraque (truncheon Saturday) police violently dispersed anti-monarchist demonstrators and arrested 36. The Queen did not visit Quebec City again until 1987.
Since the mid-20th century there has been a downplaying of the role of the Crown in Canada. During the centennial year of Canadian confederation, in 1967, some Canadian opinion leaders, including the editorial board of the Toronto Star began to advocate the creation of a republic as a mark of the country's independence. The Globe and Mail has since joined them with a similar editorial. God Save the Queen was replaced as Canada's national anthem and is now rarely heard in comparison with O Canada. From the early 1970s, all references to the monarch and the monarchy were slowly removed from the public eye (e.g., the Queen's portrait began to be taken down in public buildings and schools, and the Royal Mail was changed to Canada Post). In recent years there have been some attempts at removing references of the Queen from the Oath of Allegiance. Many point out that this process of downplaying the monarchy has led to widespread misunderstandings about the institution and how Canada is governed.
Support and opposition
Monarchists argue that having a monarchy, with a Queen of Canada and a governor-general, is one of the key identity differences between the United States and Canada and thus an important way to maintain the country's independence from its southern neighbour, an ongoing theme in Canadian culture and politics. They point to the fact that a republican president in Canada might be seen just another president on the American continent where the most prominent president is the President of the United States.
It is also noted that whereas Canada currently has a female head of state and a female governor-general and has had a female prime minister, no woman has ever been president or vice-president in the United States. They also argue that a republican head of state would cost more, not less, than the current monarchy, due to additional costs involved in updating the governor-general's residences to full head of state presidential palace level, the costs of state visits, political advisors, increased ceremonial functions, etc—functions that in many cases do not exist for a governor-general, given that they are not a full head of state, but which would be required for a Canadian president.
Opponents of the monarchy claim that its abolition would promote democracy and remove an unnecessary expense for the Canadian taxpayer. Many Canadian republicans also say it would remove Canada's last political connection to her colonial past, and thus improve her image as a sovereign nation. At the same time, monarchists argue that Canadians would spend more money on a presidential head of state. Monarchists also argue that a nation's history and past are the building blocks of a national identity.
Prominent critics of the monarchy point out that the Act of Settlement explicitly excludes Roman Catholics from the throne and the Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of England, requiring her to be an Anglican. This, they argue, discriminates against non-Anglicans, including Catholics who are the largest faith group in Canada. Former Toronto city councillor Tony O'Donohue launched a court action in 2002 arguing that the Act of Settlement violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in that it discriminates against Catholics. His case was dismissed by the court, which found that the Act of Settlement is part of the Canadian constitution and thus the Charter of Rights does not have supremacy over it.
Monarchists claim that since unanimity by all Canadian provinces is required to replace the monarchy, a republic will never be attained. To counter this argument, republicans in March 2004 proposed measures to avoid constitutional deadlock by advocating a parliamentary reform of the office of the governor general, an office generally expected to be transformed into a presidency should the monarchy end. The group claims their proposal will address divisive aspects such as the duties and selection process of the new head of state without constitutional amendment, leaving the remaining issue of who should occupy the position to be decided in a referendum. On April 2, 2004, the House of Commons Standing Committee on Government Operations and Estimates endorsed this formula, but no government action has been taken.
There is also, in large part because of previous long disputes over constitutional issues and reforms, a reluctance to enter into the extensive constitutional renegotiation that would be required to establish a new political system in Canada. Unlike Australia, where constitutional reform is confined largely to the future of the monarchy, in Canada, there are comparatively more pressing constitutional issues. Consequently, the 2004 election platforms of the main political parties focused far more upon the reform or abolition of the Senate, appointment of Supreme Court judges, and the powers of provincial governments, than on the future of the monarchy.
This issue is not now an important one in Canadian public affairs, and it is widely predicted that there will be no real debate on the future of the monarchy in Canada until the death of the present Queen. Even then, the future of the monarchy in Canada could depend on the Queen's successor. While Prince Charles is still unpopular in Canada, his son, Prince William, remains popular, especially among the younger generation of Canadians (polls have noted that popular support for the monarchy amongst 18- to 30-year-olds has been rising in recent years). Moreover, after reports that the Governor General of Canada's spending had increased nearly 200% in the last few years, there were calls to end the office of the Governor General. At the same time, there were no calls to remove the Queen as head of state.
However, some Canadians point to their Government of constitutional monarchy as a point of pride, setting them apart from an American-styled Republic. For example, a former Canadian Prime Minister, Jean Chrétien, commented on the issue to the Global News: "It's a system that works pretty well."
Recent polls
Support for the monarchy in Canada dropped to record lows in the late 1990s. In the first half of the new century support for the monarchy has risen to include the majority of Canadians. However, the fact that many Canadians continue to not completely understand exactly what a "Head of State" is, or the exact nature of the Queen's current role in Canada can cause some problems in drawing concrete conclusions from poll results.
In the year 2002, the year of the Queen's golden jubilee, polls were taken by Canada's three biggest polling firms on Canadian views of the monarchy.
- The 2002 Ekos poll found that support for abolition of the monarchy is declining, yet also highlighted many contradictions in public opinion. 48% agreed and 35% disagree with the statement, "Instead of a British monarch we should have a Canadian citizen as our head of state." Yet at the same time 43% disagreed and 41% agreed to the same question, worded slightly differently: "it's time to abolish the monarchy in Canada." Again, monarchists suggest the confusion may arise from the skewed question which refers to the "British monarch" as Canada's head of state. (As the distinct Queen of Canada, sovereign of the Canadian Crown, many argue the monarchy is Canadian.) Only 5% were even aware that the Queen was in fact Canada's head of state, with 69% thinking it was the Prime Minister and 9% believing it was the Governor General. 55% agree that the monarchy keeps Canada distinct from the United States, while 33% disagree. This survey has often been cited as evidence of the confusion that many Canadians have for the role of the monarchy in Canada. (Poll results http://www.ekos.com/admin/press_releases/31may2002.pdf —PDF document)
- The 2002 Ipsos-Reid poll found that 79% of Canadians support constitutional monarchy as Canada's form of government and 62% believe that the monarchy helps to define Canada's identity. At the same time, 48% would prefer a republican system of government with an elected head of state and two-thirds (65%) believe the royals are merely celebrities and should not have any formal role in Canada. The same poll also found that 58% don't think the monarchy is an issue important enough to go through the "fuss of changing something that works". (Poll results http://www.ipsos-reid.com/search/pdf/media/mr020203.pdf —PDF document)
- The 2002 Leger Marketing poll found 50% said "yes" to the statement, "Elizabeth II is currently the Queen of Canada. Do you (yes or no) want Canada to maintain the monarchy?" 43% said "no", with a majority support for the monarchy indicated in all areas except Québec. (Poll results http://www.legermarketing.com/documents/spclm/020401eng.pdf —PDF document)
In 2004, The Globe and Mail, a prominent Newspaper, held an online poll ranking support for the Canadian Monarchy at 56%.
Footnotes
- In 1997 UK Prime Minister Tony Blair intended offer a Life Peerage to Canadian businessman Conrad Black. Citing the 1919 Nickle Resolution, the Canadian Government advised the Queen of Canada that they have objected to such honours for many years. If Blair had not backed down, the Queen would have been in the situation of having to grant an honour on the advice of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and to object to the same as Queen of Canada on the advice of then Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien. The problem was resolved when Black renounced his Canadian citizenship. Canada raised no further objections and he was granted his peerage, becoming Lord Black of Crossharbour.
See also
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Dominion
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Commonwealth Realm
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Australian Constitutional History describes the parallel history of the monarchy in another former British dominion.
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List of Governors General of Canada
- Lists of Lieutenant Governors of: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories
- Lists of Commissioners of: Northwest Territories, Yukon, Nunavut
External links
- Official site of the Canadian Monarchy http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/fr-rf/index_e.cfm
- Canadian Monarchist ONLINE http://www.interlog.com/~rakhshan , a Canadian website promoting Canada's constitutional monarchy
- Canadian Monarchist League http://www.monarchist.ca/
- Canada: A Constitutional Monarchy http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/senate//Monarchy/SenMonarchy_00-e
.htm from the Government of Canada
- Royal Canadian Legion http://www.legion.ca/
- Golden Jubilee http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/jubilee/english.htm Celebrations in Canada
Last updated: 02-07-2005 15:44:09
Last updated: 05-03-2005 17:50:55
