"Public finance" (government finance) is the field of economics that deals with budgeting the revenues and expenditure s of a public sector entity, usually government. Governments, like any other legal entity, can take out loans, issue securities and invest. Based on the taxing authority of the entity, they issue bonds such as tax increment bond s or revenue bond s. A "public bond" or security may give tax advantages to its owners.

Contents

1 The Economic Basis of Government Activity 1.1 Efficiency 1.2 Externalities and Government Policy 1.3 Public Goods 1.4 Public Choice and the Political Process 2 Government expenditures 2.1 Income Distribution 3 Financing Government Expenditures 3.1 Forms of financing 4 Taxation, Prices and Efficiency 5 Government Debt

The Economic Basis of Government Activity

Efficiency

• Market efficiency conditions
• Pareto Efficiency
• A model of efficient resource use
• Equity vs efficiency
• Market failures

• Government efficiency - how efficient are governments at obtaining their objectives? how much of their expenditure actually goes to where it is intended? what types of waste exist?
• Scope of government activities - what do governments spend money on? what should governments spend money on? what can be left to Markets? Why governments should be concerned with Externalities, Public goods.

Externalities and Government Policy

• Internalization of externalities
• The Coase Theorem. The Coase theorem is the idea that government, with the power to establish the rights to use resources, can internalize externalities when transaction costs of bargaining are zero.

Public Goods

• The characteristics of public goods
• The demand for pure public goods
• Efficient output of a pure public good
• The Freerider problem

Public Choice and the Political Process

• Arrow's impossibility theorem

Government expenditures

Income Distribution

• Income distribution - How will these government expenditures influence the incomes of one group relative to another group? Government programs like ?disaster relief? transfer wealth to people that have suffered a loss due to natural disaster. Social security transfers wealth from the young to the old. Engaging in a war transfers wealth to certain sectors of society. Public education transfers wealth to families with children in these schools. Public road construction transfers wealth from people that do not use the roads to those people that do (and to those that build the roads).
• Income Security
• Employment insurance
• Health Care

Financing Government Expenditures

Forms of financing

• Taxes
  • The various types of taxes
    • Taxation efficiency
    • Taxation fairness
• User Fees
• Government borrowing
  • Types of government bonds
  • Effects on the bond market

Taxation, Prices and Efficiency

• Types of taxes
• Inpact of taxes on market prices and efficiency

Government Debt

• Government debt - the effect of previous years borrowing - the cost of servicing the debt - intergenerational consequences
• Income redistribution effects of the various types of taxes and types of borrowing

General areas of finance