Porcelain is a type of hard semi-translucent ceramic fired at a higher temperature than glazed earthenware, or pottery. It is white, but mildly translucent and can be decorated to provide colour.

Contents

1 Chinese Porcelain 1.1 History 1.2 Techniques 1.3 See also 2 Japanese porcelain 3 European Porcelain 3.1 Key people and places 4 External Links

Chinese Porcelain

Chinese porcelain is made from a hard paste comprised of the clay kaolin and a feldspar called petuntse, which cements the vessel and seals any pores. China is high-quality porcelain. Most china comes from the city of Jingdezhen in China's Jiangxi province.

History

Jingdezhen, under a variety of names, has been central to porcelain production in China since at least the early Han Dynasty. Earliest techniques were very primitive, barely above the level of mere pottery. By the time of the Southern and Northern Dynasty period, however, techniques had been refined to the point that the clay in Jingdezhen made for what could be called porcelain.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties introduced high-temperature kilns, bringing with it the pure, translucent whites, attractive to the eye, as well as a variety of advanced glazing techniques resulting in smooth, durable porcelain. The resulting product was often referred to as "false jade".

Techniques

The most noticeable difference between porcelain and the other pottery clays is that it 'wets' very quickly (that is, added water has a noticeably greater effect on the plasticity for porcelain than other clays), and that it tends to continue to 'move' for longer than other clays, requiring experience in handling to attain optimum results.

Porcelain is typically biscuit fired at around 1000 degrees Celsius (1800 degrees Fahrenheit), and glaze fired (the final firing) at around 1300°C (2300°F).

See also

• Tangshan, Hebei province

Japanese porcelain

• Imari porcelain
• Japanese pottery

European Porcelain

The European Porcelain was invented in Dresden and Meissen (Germany), under the rule of King "August the strong" (1694-1733). There is also the biggest porcelain collection of the world. In a period when the Chinese and Japanese held the secret how to produce porcelain, August the Strong set out to discover the hidden process. For over 200 years Europeans had unsuccessfully played alchemist to the Japanese and Chinese porcelain masters, until Johann Friedrich Böttger unearthed the recipe to cure August of his mad obsession with white gold.

The Europeans used a soft paste, which makes for weaker porcelain than the Chinese method. To compensate, around 1750 the English began to use calcined bone ash to strengthen their porcelain, with the resulting material (typically comprising 25% to 50% bone ash) becoming known as bone china .

Key people and places

• Josiah Wedgwood
• Limoges, France
• Meißen, Germany
• Pécs, Hungary
• Porsgrunn, Norway
• Sèvres, France
• Worcester, England

External Links

Chinese Porcelain:

• Chinese porcelain http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ladylever/collections/chinaart.asp at the Lady Lever Art Gallery
• Jingdezhen attractions http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/jiangxi/jingdezhen/index.htm
• Jingdezhen: Ceramics Metropolis of China http://www.chinavista.com/experience/jingdezhen/jingdezhen.html
• Jingdezhen Special Folk Arts Porcelain Research Institute http://www.china-article.com/indexe.htm