The name Parthenius may refer to one of several persons:

• the Greek grammarian and poet Parthenius of Nicaea
• the Armenian Saint Parthenius
• Hierarch Parthenius, bishop of Lampsacus
• one of several Patriarchs of Alexandria
• one of several Patriarchs of Constantinople
• the chief chamberlain of Domitian (died 96)
• a silver-chaser mentioned by Juvenal