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Methamphetamines)
Methamphetamine is a synthetic stimulant drug which induces a strong feeling of euphoria and is highly addictive. Pure methamphetamine is a colorless crystalline solid, sold on the streets as glass, ice, or crystal. It is also sold as less pure crystalline powder termed crank or speed. Methamphetamine was first synthesized in 1919 in Japan by chemist A. Ogata .
In some instances, these substances when found on the street are diluted or cut with inert substances like mannitol. In most instances, the methamphetamine is usually of a pure nature, but diluted mainly with the chemicals that were used to synthesize it.
Production
Methamphetamine is structurally similar to methcathinone, amphetamine, and other stimulants, and it may be produced from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine by chemical reduction. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily available in household products or over-the-counter medicines. This makes methamphetamine unusually easy to make, unlike cannabis and cocaine, which are both made from plants which can be easily detected by authorities.
Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and ephedrine hydrochloride are commonly available decongestant drugs without strong euphoric effects. There are many different syntheses for conversion which can be found on the internet, although these sources are sometimes not trustworthy, and most experienced 'cooks' learned from either chemistry classes or other 'cooks' in person. The synthesis usually involves moderately dangerous chemicals which are generally used by people without laboratory training.
This can result in highly dangerous situations which can be environmental hazard s, as the byproducts of production are highly toxic in most syntheses, and are sometimes dumped in unsafe places. An example is Phosphine gas, which can be produced when the reaction is allowed to overheat, and which has killed operators of illegal "clan" (clandestine chemistry) or "meth" labs.
Methamphetamine can also be made from phenylacetone and methylamine, which are currently DEA List I chemicals.
Until the early 1990's, methamphetamine was made mostly in clandestine labs run by drug traffickers in Mexico and California. Since then, however, authorities have discovered increasing numbers of small-scale methamphetamine labs all over the United States, especially in poor suburban and rural areas of the Southwest and Midwest.
Military use
Methamphetamine is sometimes given to fighting troops and pilots during wartime by their government. It tends to suppress fear and emotion and make users aggressive and violent, and this appealed to military commanders who wanted soldiers to charge into battle without fear.
During World War II, it was widely used by the armed forces of both sides under the name Pervitin. Both the German Wehrmacht and the Soviet Red Army regularly distributed methamphetamine to its troops. It has been recently discovered that Hitler was a methamphetamine user by IV Injection. Methamphetamine was also passed out to Japanese kamikaze pilots during World War II.
Legality
Methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II substance by the DEA in the United States. While there is technically no difference between the laws regarding methamphetamine and other controlled stimulants, most medical professionals are averse to prescribing it due to its status in society. Further, there is some anecdotal evidence that the DEA audits such prescriptions on a far more regular basis than similar drugs. Methamphetamine is legally marketed in the United States under the trade name Desoxyn, manufactured by Ovation Pharma. A generic formulation is also produced by Abbott Laboratories.
In some areas of the United States, manufacturing methamphetamine is punishable by a mandatory ten-year prison sentence. In some cases, however, judges have ruled for life in prison without the possibility of parole, especially in cases where victims were killed by overdoses or impure substance.
In the UK, methamphetamine is classified as a Class B drug (under the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act ). The maximum penalty for possession is five years imprisonment, and the maximum penalty for supplying is 14 years. If methamphetamine is prepared for injection, it is re-classified as a Class A drug. The maximum penalty for possession is then seven years imprisonment, and the maximum penalty for supplying is life.
Effects & Use
Methamphetamine can be swallowed, snorted, smoked, or injected. The potential for addiction is greater when it is delivered to the brain in a quicker manner, as seen with heroin, nicotine, or cocaine addiction.
A dose of methamphetamine will usually keep the user awake with a feeling of euphoria for at least 2 hours, and up to 24 hours depending on how much is ingested.
Twitching, jitteriness, and repetitive behavior (known as "tweaking") are common effects of methamphetamine. Thousands of police officers (and meth users) have noted that the meth users often become heavily immersed in what they are doing, which could be anything. So it is not uncommon for an entire house to have all of its electronic equipment (TVs, radios, computers, etc) torn to pieces. It is also not uncommon for a meth user to be the exact opposite, one who chooses to construct things from junkyard material. Interestingly enough, some meth addicts become meth chemists ("Cooks"), and will ingest the methamphetamine just to stay awake for the long chemical reaction process.
Users often experience feelings of extreme power in their minds. This power is usually not false when the user starts off the day's use with a good night's sleep. The initial methamphetamine high is usually very clean; meaning that it makes you think faster, and on a higher, clearer level. It is only after sleep deprivation sets in that the methamphetamine user begins to get confused, or starts to 'lose control.' Sleep deprived people begin to exhibit classic psychological symptoms, begining with mild paranoia and progressing (if the deprivation is continued long enough) to full blown schizophrenia. This sleep deprivation (an unfortunate side effect of chronic amphetamine use) may be the cause of all the nasty side effects attributed directly (though incorrectly) to the drug itself. It is a common belief that methamphetamine gives people "super-human strength." This belief originates from the 'biker-drug' that was popular even before methamphetamine; PCP. Neither methamphetamine or PCP actually increase muscular strength, (in fact, PCP, like Ketamine, is an anesthetic and reduces muscular capability). It does, however, cause much more motivation in the user. It is only after prolonged use that the meth user will begin to become irritable.
Methamphetamine is commonly smoked in glass pipes, or in tin foil without direct flame. Methamphetamine must be heated to put off the desired smoke; not burned. Smoking methamphetamine is probably the most impure form of ingestion, since it is very damaging to the lungs. Methamphetamine users who smoke it sometimes experience mild asthma, which can be countered by inhaling salbutamol aerosol, or epinephrine aerosol. Another disadvantage of smoking methamphetamine is how it rots the teeth. Dentists have confirmed that tiny crystalline methamphetamine particles attach to the teeth (mainly the front teeth), and then eat the tooth material away. This form of tooth decay is easily recognized: The front half of the tooth will have decayed away, leaving a brown undertooth surface. This has not been confirmed, though, by way of the controlled, large population, double blind studies required by true science. It is equally possible that the tooth decay reports are unfounded or that it is caused by some other causal agent - for example the chronic malnutrition also attributed to chronic users.
Jaw clenching is a common side effect of methamphetamine; this is another reason why methamphetamine addicts lose their teeth so fast.
Methamphetamine is a powerful nasal decongestant, so methamphetamine users who snort it often have very clear nasal cavities. Although there have been rare cases of people snorting so much meth that their nose cartilage deteriorates. Snorting methamphetmine also causes tooth decay, since the nasal passages are directly connected to the mouth region, and the crystalline particles still attach to the teeth.
It is debated what the least harmful form of ingestion is for methamphetamine -- many users believe that the cleanest form of ingestion is by injection. Methamphetamine is soluble in water, injection users usually dose 0.2 grams in 3ml of water through a small needle. One may take note in methamphetamine research that injection users often do not experience severe tooth decay. This is because the crystalline methamphetamine particles do not attach to the teeth. However, injection users experience jaw-clenching greater than users who snort or smoke it, since injecting methamphetamine has a much more powerful effect. This does cause loose teeth, so injection users still do lose their teeth. Injection users often experience skin rashes and all kinds of infections due to the methamphetamine damage to the skin. It is also not uncommon for meth users to not shower, bad hygiene does play a very large role in needle related infections.
Methamphetamine is reported to attack the immune system, so meth users are often prone to infections of all different kinds, one being an MRSA infection. This too may be simple a result of long term sleep deprivation and/or chronic malnutrition.
Addiction
Methamphetamine is also one of the only street drugs that relies completely on psychological addiction to gain addicts. Unlike heroin or alcohol, methamphetamine is not physically addictive, meaning that when a true addict quits using methamphetamine, the withdrawal symptoms are psychosomatic.
Former users have noted that they feel stupid or dull when they quit using methamphetamine. This is because the brain adapting a need for methamphetamine to think faster, or at what seems to be a higher level.
With long-term use, enough dopamine will have flooded the brain to cause chemical cell damage. This often leads to slow thinking (which in turn requires that the addict use meth to 'fix' it), and depression. This is known colloquially as "The Vampire Life".
Pros & Cons
There are many pros and cons of methamphetamine use. In the end, however, the cons for methamphetamine will usually always outweigh the pros. This is usually because the pros of methamphetamine are toward the beginning of use (usually the six months to a year). The big cons usually come later in use, since most of them require that the brain adapts a need for methamphetamine.
Pro
- Causes increased awareness & alertness
- Motivates users
- Increased thinking & brain activity (short-term}
- Cannot cause physical addiction
- effective for short term weight loss
Con
Street names
Methamphetamine has many street names, including glass, ice, or crystal for purer forms, or as less pure crystalline powder termed crank or speed (in Hawaii the slang term batu is often used). "Crystal meth" is the crystalline form of methamphetamine. In its purest form, it is commonly referred to as "glass" or "ice". This is because it appears to be broken shards of glass, or crushed ice. The term ice has also been used for a less common illicit stimulant, 4-methylaminorex , which often causes confusion.
As Methamphetamine was quite popular in Japan after World War II, the nickname Shabu has seemed to stick with this drug for quite a while. While some street folk may now call it just "Shabs" the origins of this nickname come from the Japanese word for "swish". Either the Japanese commonly smoked it, or the name swish came from the behaviour of the people under the influence. St Vitus Dance is quite commonly seen as the symptoms of prolonged use, and in Japan also now seems to be quite taboo (people say that the person who shakes their leg makes the other people around them 'lose their fortune' and sometimes elder Japanese folk will hold your leg completely still until you have stopped shaking). A rather large percentage of Japanese had became dependant on the drug for either profit, motivation or entertainment soon after the second world war. The Japanese banned the drug soon after the second world war and by doing this gave birth to many of the yakuza clans that remain today. Large Yakuza leaders began to control supplies which had once been produced for military purposes. In Japan today there is still a rather large "underworld" associated with the drug, with some people being associated to a completely separate society to most of the law abiding citizens of Japan based purely on this chemical.
Nazi Dope generally refers to methamphetamine made with anhydrous ammonia, since it is rumored that this was the way the Nazis synthesized it in World War II. This same method is sometimes called annie's dope or just annie.
Yaba
Yaba are methamphetamine tablets, often colored and candy flavored. Yaba means "crazy drug" in the Thai language and is popular in East Asia and Southeast Asia, where the drug is produced.
Books
-
Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture, by Uncle Fester
- Yaa Baa. Production, Traffic, and Consumption of Methamphetamine in Mainland Southeast Asia, by Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy & Joël Meissonnier, Singapore, Singapore University Press, 2004.
-
Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved: A Chemical Love Story, Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin, (ISBN 0963009605). aka PiHKAL. synthesis. online http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml
See also
External links
- Geopium: Geopolitics of Illicit Drugs in Asia http://www.geopium.org
- Rhodium's Archive http://www.rhodium.ws
- Erowid Methamphetamine Vault http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/meth/meth.shtml
- Special Report on Meth in California's Central Valley http://www.valleymeth.com/
Last updated: 02-10-2005 15:53:04
Last updated: 05-03-2005 17:50:55
