Rulers of Iceland from 1262 to 1944, including the following:

• The Icelandic "Republic" with Greenland (930-1262)
• The union with the Kingdom of Norway 1262-1536)
  • The personal union of Norway and Sweden (1319-1343)
  • The personal union of Norway and Denmark (1380-1396)
  • The Kalmar Union (1397-1536)
• The union with the Kingdom of Denmark (1536-1918)
• The personal union of Iceland and Denmark (Independence from Denmark, 1918-1944)
• The Republic of Iceland (Sovereignty from the Danish Monarch, 1944 to present)

Iceland was settled in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, principally by people of Norwegian and other Scandinavian origin. In 930, the ruling chiefs established a republican constitution and an assembly called the Althing - the oldest parliament in the world. Iceland remained independent until 1262, when it entered into a treaty which established a union with the Norwegian monarchy. It passed to Denmark in the late 14th century when Norway and Denmark were united under the Danish crown.

Rulers

• The union with the Kingdom of Norway (1262-1536)
  • Håkon IV Håkonsson (1262-1263)
  • Magnus Lagabøte (1263-1280)
  • Eirik Magnusson (1280-1299)
  • Håkon V Magnusson (1299-1319)
  • Magnus Eriksson (1319-1343)
  • Håkon VI Magnusson (1343-1380)
  • Olav IV Håkonsson (1380-1387)
  • Margaret I (1387-1412)
  • Eric of Pomerania (1412-1442)
  • Christopher of Bayern (1442-1448)
  • Carl I of Norway (1449-1450)
  • Christian I (1450-1481)
  • Hans (1481-1513)
  • Christian II (1513-1523)
  • Frederick I (1523-1533)

• The union with the Kingdom of Denmark (1536-1918)
  • Christian III (1534-1559)
  • Frederick II (1559-1588)
  • Christian IV (1588-1648)
  • Frederick III (1648-1670)
  • Christian V (1670-1699)
  • Frederick IV (1699-1730)
  • Christian VI (1730-1746)
  • Frederick V (1746-1766)
  • Christian VII (1766-1808)
  • Frederick VI (1808-1839)
  • Christian VIII (1839-1848)
  • Frederick VII (1848-1863)
  • Christian IX (1863-1906)
  • Frederick VIII (1906-1912)

• The Kingdom of Iceland (1918-1944)
  • Christian X (1912-1944)

See also: List of Presidents of Iceland, List of Prime Ministers of Iceland, List of Norwegian monarchs, List of Danish monarchs, List of Swedish monarchs, Lists of incumbents