Online Encyclopedia

Kardashev scale

The Kardashev scale is a general method of classifying how technologically advanced a civilization is, first proposed in 1964 by the Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev. It has three categories, based on the amount of usable energy a civilization has at its disposal and increasing logarithmically:

Type I - A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available on a single planet, approximately 10¹⁶ W (given the Solar constant for Earth, this value for Earth exceeds 1.74×10¹⁷ W).
Type II - A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single star, approximately 10²⁶ W (the Sun outputs approximately 3.86×10²⁶ W).
Type III - A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single galaxy, approximately 10³⁶ W.

All such civilizations are purely hypothetical at this point. However, the Kardashev scale is of use to SETI researchers, science fiction authors, and futurists as a theoretical framework.

Contents

1 Usage and examples

1.1 Possible timeline

2 Weakness by supposition?

2.1 Counter-argument: abundance of alternative sources

3 Civilization implications

3.1 Contact constraints

4 Hypothetical extensions

4.1 Fictional extensions
4.2 Hypothetical futures

4.2.1 Type I
4.2.2 Type II
4.2.3 Type III, IV, V
4.2.4 Notes

4.3 See also

5 Current values

5.1 Notes

6 Literature describing different Kardashev Types

7 Related articles

8 External links

9 References

Usage and examples

Human civilization is currently somewhere below Type I, as it is able to harness only a portion of the energy that is available on Earth. The current state of human civilization has been unofficially named Type 0. Although intermediate values were not discussed in Kardashev's original proposal, Carl Sagan attempted to extrapolate and calculated humanity's current civilization to be 0.7. He used a power output of ~10TW and the formula

$K = \frac{\log_{10}{W}-6} {10}$

where K is a civilization's Kardashev rating and W is its power output in watts.

A possible contender for the advancement to a Type I civilization is to begin the heavy use of ocean thermal energy conversion, wind turbines and tidal power to obtain the energy received by Earth's oceans from the Sun. However there is no known way to successfully utilise the full potential of Earth's energy production without complete coating of the surface with man made structures. In the near and medium future, this is an impossibility given humans' current lifestyle.

A hypothetical Type II civilization might employ a Dyson sphere or other similar construct in order to utilize all of the energy output by a star, or perhaps more exotic means such as feeding stellar mass into a black hole to generate usable energy. A Type III civilization might use the same techniques employed by a Type II civilization, applied to all of the stars of a galaxy individually, or perhaps might use other mechanisms not yet proposed.

A common and recognisable example of a fictional civilization capable of entering a Type III level are Star Trek's Borg who utilise energy on a massive scale, being in between Type II and Type III. One of the proposed uses of such energy sources is star lifting, by which stars may be mined for raw materials.

Possible timeline

Humanities current history indicates a timeline roughly shown here. These values are approximate, and predictions are from what seems most likely given current trends in research.

	Type 0 Development of Civilization
	0.01 Discovery of Fire	0.1 Stone tools	0.25 Roman Civilization	0.5 Industrial Revolution	0.6 1891 to 1938 technological expansion	0.7 Nuclear Weapons and Fission power	0.8 Late 20th Century, Early 21st Century	0.9 Fusion power, Space elevators, the creation of an Ecumenopolis	Type 0 to Type I transition, Civilization self-destructs or achieves a Technological singularity.
Trends:
$\Longrightarrow$	Increasing levels of technology, Up to 0.5, increasing levels of fragmentation, increasing energy usage, increasing area of habitation
$\Longleftarrow$	After 0.5, Decreasing levels of fragmentation

Weakness by supposition?

It has been argued that, because we cannot understand advanced civilizations, we cannot predict their behavior; thus, Kardashev's visualization may not reflect what will actually occur for an advanced civilization. Theories like this are discussed at Carbon chauvinism. This central argument is found within the book Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life (A more controversial discussion can be found at Future Hi: Exotic Civilizations: Beyond Kardaschev http://www.futurehi.net/archives/000106.html ).

It is also possible that the unique conditions on Earth allow for specific technologies to develop which would take many times longer for a civilization not having these conditions to achieve. The list of presumably unique conditions on Earth, and of related discoveries, is quite long. Some examples:

The Hall-Heroult process and the Bayer process, if not discovered in the late 19th Century, might have led to a delay in the creation of Aluminium dependent technologies, such as Aircraft and Rocketry.
The Moon produces tides, and offers some protection from asteroids, comets, and radiation.
Many discoveries were essentially accidental, such as the discovery of Penicillin, or the laser.

It is possible that the conditions for the creation of hydrocarbons, coal, or natural gas would not exist on other planets. These fuels were essential for us to move past dependence upon wood and animal based energy systems. Although waterwheel, wind, and solar energy technologies existed, they were not developed further until suitable industrial techniques were found to produce better materials. These techniques consume massive amounts of energy, and therefore could not be powered by the unimproved technologies. A similar argument could be made that without fossil fuel technologies, more powerful technologies, such as nuclear reactors, could not develop.

Counter-argument: abundance of alternative sources

Human perception has a natural bias towards the known energy development paths of Human civilization. It must also be noted that during both the 1973 energy crisis and the 1979 energy crisis highly industrialized societies continued to function; many moved towards developing alternative energy technologies on a massive scale under the assumption that these could provide the energy needed to continue industrial and commercial processes should fossil fuel supplies be compromised in some critical way.

Given this development, it is possible that a society could develop without a stage where fossil fuel based energy production occurs. This version of Buckminster Fuller's argument on Current solar income conforms with Paul Hawken's idea of restorative economy, stating that fossil fuel based energy production is not essential nor desirable given the effects and alternatives. Also, it must be noted that the principles behind the fuel cell were discovered by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838, and were applied by Sir William Grove in 1843, before there was widespread usage of fossil fuels other than coal. This raises the possibility that for alien civilizations fuel cells could be used in place of hydrocarbon fuels. It was only in the 1850s that the first industrial petroleum extraction was started by Edwin Drake.

Civilization implications

Given the fact that there must be a transition between civilization periods for each level, social upheval can be prevalent in transition, especially with the Type 0 to Type I transition, where it is speculated given current conditions on this planet, that self-destruction is highly likely. Many individuals have pointed to the faster upheaval of civilization periods as indicative of an upcoming change over to Type I civilization. It is notable, if the numbers given under Current Values are accurate, that we are accelerating towards the eventual Type 0/ Type I transition. Further discussion of this can be read at Long Term History http://www.darkage.fsnet.co.uk/LongTermHistory.htm , though the factual accuracy of this source must be taken lightly.

Contact constraints

For pre-Type I civilizations, it is costly to attempt contact with other more advanced civilizations because of the energy output needed. It has been predicted that in order to provide a reliable contact beacon of sufficient power to be noticeable to a Type II civilization, it must output such high energy levels that the cost between $1 trillion to $10 trillion in energy. The latter figure is the approximate GDP of the United States at the end of the 1990s through the beginning of the 21st Century. Further discussion can be found at Interstellar Probes: A New Approach to SETI http://www.rfreitas.com/Astro/InterstellarProbesJBIS1980.htm ; the consensus is that civilization must advance high into Type I before the energy required for reliable contact with other civilizations becomes sufficiently low that it does not drain a civilization's economic resources.

Hypothetical extensions

The exponential structure of the scale allows ready extrapolation to higher types. For example:

Type IV: control of the energy output of a galactic supercluster; approximately 10⁴⁶W.
Type V: energy control over the entire universe; approximately 10⁵⁶W. Such a civilization approaches or surpasses the limits of speculation based on current scientific understanding, and may not be possible. Frank J. Tipler's Omega point would presumably occupy this level.

Fictional extensions

These extensions are mainly used in science fiction. They are not "official" and may differ from source to source. For example, some authors would class a "Type V" civilization as Type IV instead. Further examples of extensions of the scale follow:

Type VI: Energy control over multiple universes; a power level that is technically infinite
- The civilization may have gained the ability to alter physical laws across multiple universes
- These civilizations can escape a dying universe, and thereby become eternal; it is possible that less advanced civilizations can do so as well.
Type VII: Hypothetical status of a deity, able to create universes at will, using them as an energy source
- It is interesting and important to note that as of yet, no science fiction literature characterizes beings with energy usages in the range of Type VII. Type VII though is well beyond the stage of understanding that humans can incur beyond a technological singularity.

Further discussion can be read at Just My Type: Kardashev Civilizations in SF and Beyond http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/6513/70188

Hypothetical futures

Science fiction, having extended these values has also provided guides for possible future changes associated with the fractionalized version of the Kardashev scale. A possible one is presented here^§. The majority of the assumptions presented here are derived from scientific literature. Nikolai Kardashev's article On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Kardashev-NS/OtIatPSoS.html where he explains that with increasing energy levels, come increasing technlogy, decreasing cohesiveness, and varying likelihood of survival and contact, largely is a guide to this section. These civilizations and the changes within them are also referenced in Kardashev's papers Cosmology and Civilization http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Kardashev-NS/CaC.html and Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Kardashev-NS/ToIbEC.html . The last framework for these explanations can be found at ENERGY AND CULTURE http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Freitas-RA/Xenology/Chptr15/Chp15.h
tml . This article provides a much more detailed explanation than that which exists here. It presents a theoretical way to describe trends within more advanced civilizations, along with a specific description of different civilization types. It should be noted that this section takes this article as a guide work, but not as a source, for any such derivation would be plagiarization of the specific descriptions of the different types of civilizations.

Type I

	Type I Single Planetary Civilization
	Early (10¹⁶ W to 10¹⁹ W)	Middle (10²⁰ W to 10²³ W)	Late (10²⁴ W to 10²⁶ W) (debateable)
	near space colonization, near space industry, Asteroid mining, Planet Mining for fuels and energy	First Interstellar travel, Culture Orbital	Construction begins on Dyson Sphere or Alderson disk.^ß, Stress caused by size of civilization, at this point it can fragment into multiple planetary civilizations—reversion from single civilization early in type 1 http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0009CDEA-33FC-1C74-9B81809EC588EF21&p ageNumber=1&catID=2
Trends:
$\Longrightarrow$	Increasing levels of technology, Increasing levels of space exploration, space based energy sources increase, offworld civilization centers increase, increasing energy usage, increasing area of habitation
$\Longleftarrow$	decreasing levels of centrality, societies and civilizations increasingly are not the same, due to time differences breaking single social bonds 1 http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0009CDEA-33FC-1C74-9B81809EC588EF21&p ageNumber=1&catID=2

Type II

	Type II Civilization extends to the entire Solar System 2 http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Freitas-RA/Xenology/Chptr15/Chp15.h tml
	Early (10²⁶ W to 10²⁹ W)	Middle (10³⁰ W to 10³³ W) (debateable)	Late (10³⁴ W to 10³⁶ W) (debateable)
	Dyson Sphere completion, Exploration of the nearest star systems 1 http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Freitas-RA/Xenology/Chptr15/Chp15.h tml , creation of the nearest star colony	star lifting and Shkadov thurster s, Ringworld, Star Trek type civilization,	Stress caused by size of civilization, at this point it can fragment into multiple solar system based civilizations—reversion to single star based civilization early, Automated Galatic colonization effort may begin 3 http://www.rfreitas.com/Astro/InterstellarProbesJBIS1980.htm
Trends:
$\Longrightarrow$	Increasing levels of technology, Exponential growth in stars that are colonized, centralized systems increasingly draw resources from further systems which have not had their resources harvested–– driving increased expansion
$\Longleftarrow$	decreasing levels of centrality, increasing likelihood of fragmentation into single star systems if resources cannot be adequately transferred from central sources, resource based wars may remerge after disappearance during Type I

Type III, IV, V

	Type III Colonization of the Milky Way Galaxy
	Early (10³⁶ W to 10³⁹ W) (debateable)	Middle (10⁴⁰ W to 10⁴³ W) (debateable)	Late (10⁴⁴ W to 10⁴⁶ W) (debateable)
	Star Wars type civilization	Colonization of the Andromeda Galaxy^ƒ	Highly hypothetical at this point, there are no proposals for this level.
Trends:
$\Longrightarrow$	Increasing levels of technology, centralized systems increasingly draw resources from further systems which have not had their resources harvested–– driving increased expansion
$\Longleftarrow$	Slow growth in galaxies that are colonized due to speed limitations, making centrality impossible
	Type IV Colonization of the Local Group (10⁴⁶ W to 10⁵⁶ W) Can escape the universe via creating a black hole. End http://www.universetoday.com/am/publish/printer_advanced_civilization_become.htm l
	Type V Colonization of Further Galaxies and the Cluster surrounding the Local Group, including the Visible universe (10⁵⁶ W to 10⁶⁶ W)

Notes

^§ This is by no means accurate, but an informational approximation, noting that intermediate values were not discussed in Kardashev's original proposal.

^ƒ For a cultural example, neither Star Wars (high canon) nor Star Trek (high canon) have civilizations that are intergalactic, but merely transgalatic.

^ß If fragmentation does not occur.

Current values

Given certain values for planetary power production, it is known that:

Year	Energy production				Fractional Kardashev scale equivalent^*
Year	exajoules/year	watts	Quads^§	mtoes^‡	Fractional Kardashev scale equivalent^*
1900	21	6.65906×10¹²W	19.904156	501.6168535	0.682
1970	190	6.02486×10¹³W	180.0852277	4538.438198	0.778
1973^§§	257.5586907	8.16713×10¹³W	244.1185024	6152.18	0.791
1985	290	9.19584×10¹³W	274.8669265	6927.089881	0.796
1989	319	1.01154×10¹⁴W	302.3536191	7619.79887	0.800
1993	338	1.07179×10¹⁴W	320.3621419	8073.642689	0.803
1995	363	1.15107×10¹⁴W	344.0575666	8670.80561	0.806
2000	424	1.3445×10¹⁴W	401.8744029	10127.88314	0.813
2001	419.8602948	1.33137×10¹⁴W	397.95072	10029	0.812
2002^§§	434.4049018	1.37749×10¹⁴W	411.7363456	10376.42	0.814
2004^**	444.7136507	1.41018×10¹⁴W	421.5071529	10622.6601	0.815
2010^§§	506.5619272	1.6063×10¹⁴W	480.128	12100	0.821
2030^§§	682.3933399	2.16386×10¹⁴W	646.784	16300	0.834

Notes

Note the similarity between growth rates for energy and population. For this period of time would would be the period before massive technological expansion, where energy expansion outstrips a human growth rate that has become exponential, by exceeding an exponential rate in and of itself. It is not appropriate to use this assumption for later periods, but it can be used to assume the growth rates for the subsequent years, by accounting for the change in the energy growth as a function of the change in the rate of human growth, and thus, calculate the growth from the values known. This is done over two year periods in order to eliminate the issues caused by the special case of the year 2001. This method is a variation of the second order Rienman Sum of Intergral Calculus, where small changes in a small change are used to calculate the additive quality of those changes as a sum of the small changes that have been calculated by a previous Rienman sum. This sum is a middle sum, not left hand.
^* Note that intermediate values were not discussed in Kardashev's original proposal.	^§mtoes: million tonnes (metric tons) of oil equivalents
^‡Quads: 1 quadrillion BTU	^**the estimated values for 2004 and 2005 are the result of these calculations:
Given Population: 2000: 6079603571, 2002: 6226933918, estimate 2004: 6372797742	2001 aberrant year due to its similarity with slow growth from 1973 to 1985, which was possibly due to oil shocks and large economic recessions during those periods. There is an aberration since 2001 was a recessionary year.
${}^\left ( \frac{10376.42}{10127.88314} \right ){}^={}^\left ( 1.024539862532419 \right )\!$	${}^\left ( \frac{6226933918}{6079603571} \right ){}^={}^\left ( 1.024233545046057 \right )\!$
${}^\left ( 1.024539862532419-1.024233545046057 \right){}^={}^\left ( 0.0003063174863620066 \right )\!$
${}^\left ( \frac{6372797742}{6226933918} \right ){}^={}^\left ( 1.023424662268915 \right ) \!$	${}^\left ( \frac{1.023424662268915}{1.024233545046057} \right){}^={}^\left ( 0.9992102555310218 \right )\!$
${}^\left ( 0.9992102555310218 \times 0.0003063174863620066 \right){}^={}^\left ( 0.0003060755738214009 \right ) \!$	${}^\left ( 1.023424662268915+0.0003060755738214009 \right){}^={}^\left ( 1.023730737842736 \right ) \!$
${}^\left ( 1.023730737842736 \times 10376.42 \right){}^={}^\left ( 10622.66010276612 \right ) : 2004\!$
^§§the estimated values for 2010 and 2003 are from the International Energy Agency along with the actual values for 2002 and 1973

Literature describing different Kardashev Types

These categorizations are not firm, and are neither complete nor absolute. Science fiction writers do not specifically write their works with Kardashev classification in mind.

Type I
- 3001: The Final Odyssey, a science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke.
- The Fountains of Paradise, a science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke.
- The Mars trilogy series of science fiction novels by Kim Stanley Robinson.
Type II
- The Culture, a series of science fiction works by Iain Banks
- The World is Round, a science fiction novel by Tony Rothman .
- Ringworld, a science fiction novel by Larry Niven
- Pandora's Star, a science fiction novel by Peter F. Hamilton
Type III
- The Forge of God by Greg Bear
Type IV and Type V
- The Gods Themselves, a science fiction novel written by Isaac Asimov.

External links

Kardashev civilizations http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kardashevciv.html
Long Futures http://longfuture.inno.bme.hu/long_futures_article1.pdf
Kaku, Michio. "How Advanced Can a Civilization Become?", Astrobiology Magazine, Apr 26, 2004 http://www.universetoday.com/am/publish/printer_advanced_civilization_become.htm
l
Kardashev, N. S. "Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations," Soviet Astronomy, 8, 217 (1964) http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Kardashev-NS/ToIbEC.html
Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation, by F. J. Dyson http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Dyson-FJ/SfASSoIR.html
Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Kardashev-NS/SaPPotPEoM.html
On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Kardashev-NS/OtIatPSoS.html
The Radio Search For Intelligent Extraterrestral Life http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Drake-FD/TRSfIEL.html
Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities http://www.coseti.org/lemarch1.htm
ENERGY AND CULTURE http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Freitas-RA/Xenology/Chptr15/Chp15.h
tml
Flash Animation on Civilizations http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?page=concepts04#1

References

Kardashev, N. S. "Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations," Soviet Astronomy, 8, 217 (1964) http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/ETI/Authors/Kardashev-NS/ToIbEC.html
Kaku, Michio. "How Advanced Can a Civilization Become?", Astrobiology Magazine, Apr 26, 2004 http://www.universetoday.com/am/publish/printer_advanced_civilization_become.htm
l
Energy Consumption of Europe http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/MarvinRusinek.shtml
Wind Powering America http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/femp/cannonfiles/sld006.htm ]
Clean Energy for Planetary Survival: International Development Research Centre http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-64514-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
LBL Scientists Research Global Warming http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/global-warming.html
E³ Handbook http://www.oit.doe.gov/e3handbook/appenf.shtml
Clarke H2 energy systems http://web.gat.com/hydrogen/images/pdf%20files/clarke_h2_energy_systems.pdf
http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/fall2003/holdren.pdf
Types Of Civilizations A Look Into A Human Perspective http://groups.msn.com/ORDOABCHAO/typesofcivilizationsalookintoahumanperspective.
msnw
Long Term History http://www.darkage.fsnet.co.uk/LongTermHistory.htm
Just My Type: Kardashev Civilizations in SF and Beyond http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/6513/70188
Interstellar Probes: A New Approach to SETI http://www.rfreitas.com/Astro/InterstellarProbesJBIS1980.htm
Future Hi: Exotic Civilizations: Beyond Kardaschev http://www.futurehi.net/archives/000106.html
"Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?", in The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments, B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis (ed.), Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publ. Co. (1985), pp 465-463.
Energy Conversions and Equivalencies http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rcnh/gs102/EnergyEquiv.html
Key World Energy Statistics http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/keyworld2004.pdf
Shkadov Thurster http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Shkadov.html
Technological Spiral http://www.singularitywatch.com/spiral.html -- alternative view to civilization development timescales

Last updated: 02-07-2005 12:50:37

Last updated: 02-18-2005 14:20:24

Your Online Encyclopedia

Online Encylopedia and Dictionary Research Site

Online Encyclopedia

Kardashev scale

Usage and examples

Possible timeline

Weakness by supposition?

Counter-argument: abundance of alternative sources

Civilization implications

Contact constraints

Hypothetical extensions

Fictional extensions

Hypothetical futures

Type I

Type II

Type III, IV, V

Notes

See also

Current values

Notes

Literature describing different Kardashev Types

Related articles

External links

References

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