Joseph Cabell Breckinridge (6 March 1872 - 11 February 1898) was an officer in the United States Navy in the Spanish-American War.

Breckinridge was born in Fort Monroe, Virginia and graduated from the Naval Academy in 1895. He served in the battleship Texas, where on several occasions he displayed remarkable coolness and ability in times of peril.

While serving in Cushing , Ensign Breckinridge was washed overboard and drowned in Cuban waters.

USS Breckinridge (DD-148) was named for him.