John Babington Macaulay Baxter (February 16, 1868-December 27, 1946) was a New Brunswick jurist and politician. A Conservative politician, Baxter served as Attorney-General of the province from 1915 to 1917. He entered federal politics and served as minister of customs under Prime Minister Arthur Meighen in 1921 before taking over the leadership of the provincial Conservative party and leading it to victory in 1925. Baxter was a leader of the Maritime Rights movement which expressed the discontent of the maritime provinces concerning their loss of influence in Confederation.

He left politics in 1931 and was appointed chief justice of the New Brunswick Supreme Court in 1935 serving until his death.

Preceded by: Peter J. Veniot 1923-1925

Premier of New Brunswick 1925-1931

Succeeded by: Charles D. Richards 1931-1933