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Ilocano)
Ilocano, also Iloko and Ilokano, refers to the language and culture associated with the Ilocano people, the third largest ethnic group in the Philippines. The native area of the Ilocano are in northwestern Luzon and is the defining identity for the Ilocos Region.
People and History
Ilocanos are of Malay stock, descendants of Southeast Asian migrants that settled the Philippines in successive waves for centuries. Families and clans came by viray or bilog, meaning boat. The term Ilocano come from i-, meaning "from", and looc, meaning "cove or bay", thus "people of the bay." Ilocanos also refer to themselves as Samtoy, a contraction from the Ilocano phrase saö mi ditoy, meaning "our language here".
Ilocano population distribution. Enlarge picture to see percent distribution.
Ilocanos occupy the narrow, barren strip of land in the northwestern tip of Luzon, squeezed in between the inhospitable Cordillera mountain range to the east and the South China Sea to the west. This harsh geography molded a people known for their clannishness, tenacious industry and frugality, traits that were vital to survival. It also induced Ilocanos to become a migratory people, always in search for better opportunities and for land to build a life on. Although their homeland constitutes the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and parts of La Union and Abra, their population has spread east and south of their original territorial borders.
Ilocano pioneers flocked to the more fertile Cagayan Valley and the Pangasinan plains during the 18th and 19th centuries and now constitute a majority in many of these areas. In the 20th century, many Ilocano families moved further south to Mindanao. They became the first Filipino ethnic group to immigrate en masse to North America (the so-called Manong generation), forming sizable communities in the American states of Hawaii, California, Washington and Alaska. In Hawaii, Ilocanos make up to eighty percent of the Filipino population, where it is now the top language in demand for ESL teachers.
A large, growing number of Ilocanos can also be found in the Middle East, Hong Kong, Japan, Canada and Europe.
Literature, Culture and the Arts
Pre-colonial Ilocanos of all classes wrote in a syllabic system prior to European arrival. Similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, it was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark - a cross verama , shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of the earliest surviving Ilocano publications.
Ilocano culture revolves around life rituals, festivities and oral history. These were celebrated in songs, dances, poems, riddles, proverbs, literary verbal jousts called bucanegan and epic stories.
Our Father prayer from
Doctrina Cristiana, 1621.
The epic story Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang) is undoubtedly one of the few indigenous stories from the Philippines that survived colonialism, although much of it is now acculturated and shows many foreign elements in the retelling. It reflects values important to traditional Ilocano society; it is a hero’s journey steeped in courage, loyalty, pragmatism, honor, and ancestral and familial bonds.
Ilocano animistic past offers a rich background in folklore, mythology and superstition (see Religion in the Philippines). There are many stories of good and malevolent spirits and beings. Its creation mythology centers around the giants Aran and her husband Angngalo, and Namarsua (the Creator).
Music and dance are often accompanied by its local instruments – percussive drums and gongs, bamboo flutes and versions of the stringed lyre and guitar. Songs of love and rejection are key themes. There is also a tradition of dirges or dung-aw, chanted or wailed in funeral wakes lamenting the passing of the dead.
The colonial and modern era produced prominent artists: painter Juan Luna, poet Leona Florentino and her writer and activist son Isabelo de los Reyes, and writers Carlos Bulosan, F. Sionil Jose, Manuel Arguilla for English and Mauro Pena , Godofredo Reyes , Juan S.P. Hidalgo, Jr , Constante Casabar and Pelagio Alcantarain Iloko.
Moreover, notable scholars had contributed to the stock of Philippine knowledge, among them the literary historian Dr. Leopoldo Y. Yabes and the oral historian Dr. Marcelino Foronda, Jr. .
In the area of food, Ilocano cuisine is simple, using ingredients available from the immediate environment. Grown from the backyard or plucked from a branch or the river, most are cooked into stews and soups. The diet is very healthy with a preponderance of and a preference for fish, seafood and vegetables. Pinakbet (from the Ilocano word "pinakebbet" meaning "shrunk" or "wilted") is a popular stew of eggplant, bittermelon, okra and bugguong (salted and fermented fish paste). For special occasions, pigs, carabaos and goats are the meats of choice. Rice is the staple and is used in myriad desserts.
Language
Ilocano or Iloko is a Western Austronesian language spoken in Northern Luzon and in various parts of the country and around the world. It comprises its own branch in the Philippine Cordilleran family of languages. A lingua franca of the northern region, it is spoken as a secondary language by other groups such as the Pangasinan, Ibanags, Ivatans and the various ethnic tribes of the Mountain Province and Zambales. It is spoken by about nine million people.
Ilocano has two dialects: Northern "deeper" Ilocano and Southern Ilocano.
The difference between these two dialects are merely regional variations in lexicon and intonation. The southern speech, in addition, uses six vowels instead of the usual a, e, i, o, u sounds that the northern dialect employs (using Spanish orthography). Southern Ilocanos (e.g. those from La Union and Pangasinan) has two distinct sounds for the vowel e, a frontal easy "e" like in "men" for many words in Spanish and English, and an unrounded "uh" sound for native words.
For example, the word for "yes" is wen. Northern speech would pronounce it as wεn which rhymes with "men" while Southern speech would pronounce it as wuhn.
Ilocano employs a predicate-initial structure and uses a highly complex list of affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes and enclitics) and reduplications to indicate a wide array of grammatical categories. Learning simple root words and corresponding affixes goes a long way in forming cohesive sentences. Ilocano also has five sets of pronouns.
Example: Root word for bath is digos.
Agdigos (to take a bath)
Agdigdigos (bathing)
Agdigdigosak (I am bathing)
Agindidigosak (I am pretending to bathe)
Nagdigosak (I bathed)
Pronouns
There are five sets of pronouns in Ilocano. The following table lists what are categorized as independent pronouns. The ones listed in italics are dialectal variants.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| 1st Person |
siak (I) |
data or sita (you and I) |
|
' |
dakami or sikami (we, but not you) |
|
' |
datayo or sitayo (we, and you) |
| 2nd Person |
sika (you, informal) |
dakayo or sikayo (you) |
|
dakayo or sikayo (you, formal) |
|
|
isuda (you, most formal) |
|
| 3rd Person |
isu(na) (he, she, it) |
isuda (they) |
Borrowings
Ilocano's vocabulary has a closer affinity to languages from Borneo. Foreign accretion comes largely from Spanish, followed by English and smatterings of Hokkien (Min Nan), Arabic and Sanskrit.
Examples of Borrowing
| Word |
Source |
Ilocano meaning |
| arak |
Arabic (wine) |
generic alcoholic drink |
| karma |
Sanskrit (see Buddhism) |
spirit |
| sanglay |
Hokkien (to deliver goods) |
to deliver/Chinese merchant |
| agbuldoser |
English (bulldozer) |
to bulldoze |
| cuarta |
Spanish (copper coin) |
money |
Common expressions
| Yes |
Wen |
| No |
Saän (haän is a southern variation as "h" is not commonly used in Ilocano) |
| How are you? |
Kumusta? OR Mag-an? |
| Good day |
Naimbag nga aldaw |
| Good morning |
Naimbag a bigat |
| Good afternoon |
Naimbag a malem |
| Good evening |
Naimbag a rabiï |
| What is your name? |
Ania ti naganmo? (often contracted to Ania't naganmo) |
| Where's the bathroom? |
Ayanna didiay baño? |
| I love you |
Ay-ayatenka |
| Sorry |
Pakawan OR dispensar |
| Goodbye |
Kastan OR Kasta pay OR Sige OR Innakon (I'm going) |
Numbers (Bilang), Days, Months
Numbers
| 0 |
ibbong OR awan OR sero (English zero) OR itlog (Ilocano slang, "egg") |
| 0.25 (1/4) |
kakapat |
| 0.50 (1/2) |
kagudua |
| 1 |
maysa |
| 2 |
dua |
| 3 |
tallo |
| 4 |
uppat |
| 5 |
lima |
| 6 |
innem |
| 7 |
pito |
| 8 |
walo |
| 9 |
siam |
| 10 |
sangapulo |
| 11 |
sangapulo-ket-maysa |
| 20 |
duapulo |
| 50 |
limapulo |
| 100 |
sangagasut |
| 1000 |
sangaribu |
| 1000000 |
sangariwriw |
| 1000000000 |
sangabilion (English, billion) |
Days and months are in Spanish:
Days of the Week
| Monday |
lunes |
| Tuesday |
martes |
| Wednesday |
miercoles |
| Thursday |
hueves |
| Friday |
viernes |
| Saturday |
sabado |
| Sunday |
domingo |
Months
| January |
enero |
|
July |
hulio |
| February |
pebrero |
|
August |
agosto |
| March |
marso |
|
September |
septiembre |
| April |
abril |
|
October |
octobre |
| May |
mayo |
|
November |
nobiembre |
| June |
hunio |
|
December |
desiembre |
Units of time
| second |
kanito OR segundo |
| minute |
daras OR minuto |
| day |
aldaw |
| week |
lawas OR domingo |
| month |
bulan |
| year |
tawen |
To mention time, Ilocanos use a mixture of Spanish and Ilocano:
- 1:00 a.m. A la una ti bigat (One in the morning)
- 2:30 p.m. A las dos-imedia ti malem (in Spanish, Son las dos y media de la tarde or "half past two in the afternoon")
More Ilocano words
- lalaki = man
- babay'i = woman
- ub'bing = child
Noted Personalities
Related Articles
External links
-
Ethnologue report for Ilocano
-
Dr. Carl Rubino's website a linguist site specializing in Ilocano and other northern Philippine languages. Dr. Rubino has two books of dictionary/grammar currently published.
-
mannurat.com An Ilokano writer's website featuring original works in Iloko
-
iluko.com A popular Ilokano site featuring a variety of Iloko articles, recipes, jokes, literary works, a list of online Ilokanos, and a lively "dap-ayan" (Ilokano forum)
-
agcaoili.blogspot.com A website of Dr. Aurelio "Ariel" Agcaoili, poet, fictionist, critic and academician
-
samtoy.blogspot.com Link to YLOCO, an Iloco language development website dedicated to the concerns of the Iloco language.
