Online Encyclopedia
Genius
- This article is about people with exceptional mental abilities. For the cartoon, see Genius (cartoon).
The term genius is originally a Latin term from Roman culture meaning the guiding or "tutelary" spirit of a person or indeed of an entire gens, or the genius loci the genius of a place or spirit of the specific locale. In contrast, the internal driving force within all living things is the animus. A specific spirit, or daemon, may inhabit an image or icon, giving it supernatural powers.
A comparable term from Arabic lore is a Djinn, often Anglicized as "Genie".
In modern usage, a genius is a person imbued with distinguished mental prowess. This can manifest either as a foremost intellect, or as an outstanding creative talent. The term also applies to one who is a polymath, or someone skilled in many mental areas. The term does specifically apply to mental rather than athletic skills, although it is also used to denote the possession of a superior talent in any field; e.g., one may be said to have a genius for golf or for diplomacy.
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Gifted
Geniuses come gifted with phenomenal brilliance, and are often as insensitive to the limitations of mediocrity as they may be very sensitive emotionally themselves, sometimes both. Artistic genius may show itself in early childhood (prodigy) or later in life; either way, geniuses eventually differentiate themselves from the rest through great originality. Intellectual geniuses usually have crisp, clear-eyed visions of given situations, in which interpretation is unnecessary�the facts just hit them, and they build or act on the basis of those facts, usually with tremendous energy. Here too, accomplished geniuses in intellectual fields start out in many cases as prodigies, gifted with superior memory, pattern recognition or just understanding.
The term prodigy simply denotes the presence of exceptional talent or genius in early childhood. The term prodigy and child prodigy are synonymous, the latter being a redundancy.
In philosophy
In the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer, a genius is a person in whom intellect predominates over will much more than for the average person. In Schopenhauer's aesthetics, this predominance of intellect over will allows the genius to create artistic or academic works that are objects of pure, disinterested contemplation, the chief criterion of the aesthetic experience for Schopenhauer. Their remoteness from mundane concerns means that Schopenhauer's geniuses often display maladaptive traits in more mundane concerns; in Schopenhauer's words, they fall into the mire while gazing at the stars.
Some commonly termed geniuses
Some of the names often used synonymously with the word genius are
- in antiquity: Hero of Alexandria, Hypatia of Alexandria, Plato
- in astronomy: Galileo Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler
- in chess: Bobby Fischer, Garry Kasparov, Paul Morphy, Jose Capablanca, Anatoli Karpov
- in computer science: Alan Turing
- in interdiscipline: Benjamin Franklin, Emanuel Swedenborg, William James Sidis
- in invention: Leonardo da Vinci, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Alva Edison
- in linguistics: Noam Chomsky, Benjamin Lee Whorf
- in literature: James Joyce, William Shakespeare, Hermann Hesse
- in mathematics: Carl Friedrich Gauss, Leonard Euler, William Rowan Hamilton, Paul Erdos, Srinivasa Ramanujan
- in military strategy: Genghis Khan, Alexander the Great, Napoleon Bonaparte, Douglas MacArthur, Adolf Hitler
- in music: Ludwig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Sebastian Bach
- in philosophy: Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein
- in physics: Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Stephen Hawking, Richard Feynman
- in visual art: Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dal�, Albrect Duerer
See also:
References
- Harold Bloom, Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds, Warner Books
- James Gleick, Genius : The Life and Science of Richard Feynman, Vintage
- Clifford A. Pickover, Strange Brains and Genius, Quill