Canada

(In detail) (In detail)
National motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (English: From Sea to Sea)
Official languages	English & French
Capital	Ottawa, Ontario
Largest City	Toronto, Ontario
Political system	Constitutional Monarchy
Monarch	Queen Elizabeth II
Governor General	Adrienne Clarkson
Prime Minister	Paul Martin (Lib.)
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 2nd 9,984,670 km² 8.62%
Population  - Total (2003)  - Density	Ranked 35th 32,207,113 4/km²
Independence  - BNA Act  - Statute of Westminster 19311  - Canada Act	From the UK: July 1, 1867 December 11, 1931 April 17, 1982
GDP (2003)  - Total (PPP)  - Total  - GDP/head (PPP)  - GDP/head	$0.964 trillion (11th) $0.834 trillion (9th) $30,463 (7th) $26,380 (18th)
Currency	Canadian dollar ($)
Time zone	UTC −3.5 to −8
National anthem	O Canada
Royal anthem	God Save the Queen
Internet TLD	.ca
Calling code	1

Canada is the second largest and the northernmost sovereign country on Earth. It is a decentralized federation of ten provinces and three territories, governed as a constitutional monarchy. Formed in 1867 through an act of confederation, it occupies most of the northern half of North America.

Canada's capital is Ottawa, home of the nation's Parliament as well as the residences of the Governor General and the Prime Minister; the heads of state and government, respectively. Originally a union of former French and British colonies, Canada is a member of both La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations. Canada is officially bilingual, with Canadian French widely spoken in the eastern province of Quebec and Canadian English spoken elsewhere. Parliament mainly comprises members of four main political parties, of which the Liberal Party has dominated for most of the past 50 years.

Canada is a technologically advanced and industrialized nation. It ranks fourth on the 2004 UN Human Development Index (behind Norway, Sweden and Australia) and is largely self-sufficient for energy due to its relatively large deposits of fossil fuels, nuclear energy generation, and hydroelectric power capabilities. Its economy has traditionally relied heavily on the abundance of natural resources and trade, particularly with the United States with whom it has a long, extensive relationship. Although the modern Canadian economy has become widely diversified, exploitation of natural resources remains an important driving force of many regional economies.

Contents

1 Geography 2 Naming 3 History 4 Politics 4.1 Federal government 4.2 Provincial and territorial government 5 Economy 6 Language 7 Demographics 8 Culture 9 National anthem and royal anthem 10 Miscellaneous topics 11 International rankings 12 References 13 External Canadian Links

Geography

Main article: Geography of Canada

Canada occupies the northern half of North America. It is bordered to the south by the contiguous United States, separated by the International Boundary, and to the northwest by Alaska. The country stretches from the Atlantic Ocean and Davis Strait in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; hence the country's motto. To the north lie the Beaufort Sea and Arctic Ocean. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60 degrees west longitude and 141 degrees west longitude ([1] http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1927/1 ); that is, Canada's territorial claim extends to the North Pole.

Canada is the world's second-largest country in total area, after Russia. However, it has an extremely low population density of 3.2 people per square kilometre. Eighty percent of Canadians live within 200 km of the United States along the International Boundary, where the country's most temperate climates are located. While Canada covers a larger geographic area than its neighbour, it has only one-ninth of the population. Canada's vast and rich territory has led to a historical economic dependence on its natural resources.

The most densely-populated part of the country, the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence River Valley in the east, was the first to be settled by Europeans. To the north of this region is the broad Canadian Shield, an area of rock scoured clean by the last ice age, thinly soiled, rich in minerals, and gouged with lakes and rivers— over 60 percent of the world's lakes are located in Canada. The Canadian Shield encircles the immense Hudson Bay.

The Canadian Shield extends to the Atlantic Coast in Labrador, the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The island of Newfoundland, Canada's easternmost region, is at the mouth of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuary. The Canadian Maritimes protrude eastward from the southern coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, sandwiched between the Gulf to the north and the Atlantic to the south. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are divided by the Bay of Fundy, an arm of the Atlantic that experiences the world's highest tides.

To the west of Ontario, the broad, flat Canadian Prairies spread towards the Rocky Mountains, which divide the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Southern British Columbia enjoys a very temperate climate with much milder winters than the rest of the country.

Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago containing some of the largest islands on Earth.

Canada has a reputation for cold temperatures. Indeed, the winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, with risks of blizzards and ice storms and temperatures reaching lows of -50°C in the far North. (Southwestern British Columbia is a well-known exception.) In the most densely populated regions, summers range from mild to quite hot, attaining highs of well over 30°C in Montreal and 15°C even in Iqaluit, Nunavut. In Vancouver, temperatures usually remain stable at around 5-25°C year round, whereas in Calgary they can drop to -30°C in the winter and attain a high of 30°C in the summer. In the great lakes region, the most heavily populated area in the country, temperatures can range from -30°C to 35°C. The country experiences four distinct seasons.

Naming

Main article: Canada's Name

The name "Canada" is believed to have originated from a Huron-Iroquoian word, Kanata meaning "village" or "settlement" or "collection of huts" [2] http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/o5_e.cfm , referring to Stadacona, a settlement on the site of present-day Quebec City. Maps made by early European explorers show that the name River Canada was given to the Ottawa River, and the Saint Lawrence River below Montreal. A plausible hypothesis is that the river was named for the village on its banks, and the surrounding country for the river used to explore it.

History

Main articles: History of Canada, Timeline of Canadian history

Canada, which has been inhabited by aboriginal peoples, known in Canada as the First Nations, for at least 10,000 years, was first visited by Europeans around 1000, when the Vikings briefly settled at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. More permanent European visits came in the 16th and 17th century, as the French settled there.

In 1763, at the end of the Seven Years' War, France chose to keep its Caribbean Islands and to leave its North American colony, New France, to Britain.

After the American Revolution, many British Loyalists settled in Canada.

On July 1, 1867, with the passing of the British North America Act, the British government granted a Constitution to a federation of four provinces formed from three of its North American colonies, Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The former Province (colony) of Canada formed two provinces of the new Dominion of Canada, being partitioned into Quebec and Ontario along the old boundary between Lower and Upper Canada. The term Confederation refers to this act of union and is often used for the resulting federation.

Other British colonies and territories soon joined Confederation: by 1880 Canada included all of its present area except for Newfoundland and Labrador (which joined in 1949). Full control over the Dominion's affairs officially came in 1931 with the Statute of Westminster, and in 1982 with the patriation of Canada's constitution.

As tensions between English and French Canadians prevented agreement on the new capital, Queen Victoria chose the centrally-located Ottawa. This compromise was similar to one that resulted in the creation of Washington as the US capitol to appease Northerners and Southerners.

In the second half of the 20th century, some citizens of the mainly French-speaking province of Quebec sought independence in two referendums held in 1980 and 1995. In both referendums, the separatist cause, led by the Parti Quebecois, was defeated with 60% and 50.6% opposed to independence, respectively. Although the separatist movement has waned in recent years, many consider another referendum to be inevitable.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Canada

Federal government

Canada is a federation under a system of parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. Its Head of State and Sovereign is the monarch Queen Elizabeth II with the title of Queen of Canada. The Queen's representative in Canada is the Governor General who is generally a retired politician or other prominent Canadian appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada. The Governor General is a non-partisan figure who fills the role of providing Royal Assent to bills passed by the House of Commons and the Senate, reading the Speech from the Throne, signing state documents, formally opening and ending sessions of Parliament, and dissolving Parliament for an election. Both the Queen and the Governor General are primarily figureheads, with little real power as they almost always act on the advice of Canada's Head of Government, the Prime Minister, who is also the government party leader who controls such tools of governance as party discipline and patronage appointments.

The text of Canada's constitution can be found at this page http://lois.justice.gc.ca/en/const/index.html . However, much of Canada's constitution is unwritten and the text has to be interpreted in light of various traditions and conventions.

It should be noted that the Constitution Act, which contained procedures for amending the Constitution, was agreed to during one night (known to Quebec nationalists as "Nuit des longs couteaux": night of long knives — 1982), without the province of Quebec which refused last-minute amendments that the provincial government believed diminished the province's francophone characteristics into some multicultural environment. Notably, the Constitution Act, 1982 contained a Charter of Rights and Freedoms that countered Quebec's laws (Bill 101) regarding the protection of the French language, which Quebec had declared to be the official language of the province.

The legislative branch of government consists of the Parliament, including the elected House of Commons and the Senate which consists of Senators appointed until age 75 by the Prime Minister. The Senate is composed of 105 Senators — 24 from Ontario, 24 from Quebec, 24 from the Maritime provinces (10 from Nova Scotia, 10 from New Brunswick, 4 from Prince Edward Island), 24 from the Western provinces (6 each from Manitoba, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Alberta), 6 from Newfoundland and Labrador and one for each territory (Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory, and Nunavut). Canada has strict party discipline which gives the Prime Minister very high levels of control over almost all legislation passed by Parliament.

The Prime Minister calls elections for the House of Commons at his or her discretion, though they must occur no later than five years after the previous one.

The Governor General formally appoints the Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the political party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister in turn appoints the Cabinet, drawn by convention from members of the Prime Minister's party in the House of Commons and the Senate.

Canada has three main national parties, the centrist Liberal Party of Canada, the right-wing Conservative Party of Canada, and the leftist New Democratic Party (NDP). A regional party, the Bloc Québécois, holds many seats in Quebec; its agenda is separatist and primarily social-democratic. Other smaller parties exist, but rarely have been able to elect members to the House of Commons. Similarly, independent candidates are rarely elected (Chuck Cadman was an exception in 2004).

The Liberals are the party of current Prime Minister Paul Martin, and his predecessor Jean Chrétien who led for the last 10 years. The only other party to form a government is the now-defunct Progressive Conservative Party, which in December 2003 merged with the Canadian Alliance to form the Conservative Party of Canada.

Canada's judicial branch of government is composed of a variety of federal and provincial level courts that deal with cases involving federal or provincial realms of jurisdiction. Both federal and provincial cases can ultimately be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, which sits at the highest level in the country's basically four-tier judicial hierarchy. All judges in Canada are appointed with judges at the superior, appellate and Supreme Court of Canada levels being selected by the federal government, even though many of the superior and appellate courts are provincial bodies handling matters concerning provincial law. Meanwhile, judicial posts in the low level and localized "provincial" courts are filled by each provincial or territorial government. (see Courts of Canada) Various non-governmental legal bodies have historically played an advisory role in this process.

Canada is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, NATO, the G8, and APEC.

Provincial and territorial government

Main article: Provinces and territories of Canada

Canada is divided into ten provinces and three territories. The provinces have a large degree of autonomy from the federal government, while the territories have somewhat less. Each has its own provincial or territorial symbol.

The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social programs (such as healthcare, education, and welfare) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. The federal government can initiate national policies that the provinces can opt out of, but this rarely happens in practice. Transfer payments are made to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces. Most provincial income taxes are also collected by the federal government and transferred to the provinces for simplicity.

Criminal law is one of the few areas that is strictly the responsibility of the federal government, and crime and punishment is uniform throughout Canada. Though enforcement is a provincial responsibility, most of the provinces contract these services out to the RCMP. The RCMP is the only police force in the world that enforces three different levels of enforcement: municipal, provincial, and federal.

The provinces and territories each have their own unicameral legislatures.

The ten provinces have unicameral, elected legislatures with governments headed by a premier who is chosen in the same fashion as the federal prime minister. Every province also has a figurehead lieutenant governor representing the Queen, appointed by the Prime Minister.

Most provinces' political climates include provincial counterparts to the three national federal parties. However, provincial parties are not normally formally linked to the federal parties, with the exception of the NDP. Some provinces have regional political parties, such as the Saskatchewan Party or the Labrador Party.

The provincial political climate of Quebec is quite different, with the main split being between separatism, represented by the Parti Québécois, and federalism, represented by the Parti Libéral du Québec. As interest in the sovereignty debate diminishes, however, the relevance of this party division is coming into question. Two smaller parties, the right-wing Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ) and the left-wing Union des Forces Progressistes (UFP), are trying to break into the two-party system and do not focus primarily on the sovereignty question. However, of the two, only the ADQ has yet elected members to the National Assembly (Quebec's legislature).

Territories have fewer political powers than provinces, having been created by acts of Parliament rather than enshrined in the Constitution.

The role of the provincial lieutenant governor is undertaken by a commissioner. Both are political neutral posts, and both are appointed by the federal government., but a Lieutenant Governor's role focuses on being representatives of the Queen, commissioners' roles upon being the "Government of Canada's senior representative," [Commissioner of the Yukon Territory http://www.gov.yk.ca/commissioner/message.html ].

The Yukon has a unicameral legislature operated the same way as the provincial legislatures, but the other two territories use a consensus government system with no parties, in which each member runs as an independent, and the premier is elected by and from the members.

Relations between the federal government and the territorial governments have been tense. Many of the disputes between the two governments have been between the usage of resources and funding. Even though the territories have the highest per capita incomes in Canada, the poverty rate in the territories has been constantly large owing to isolation, the extreme difficulty and cost of supplying goods, the scarcity of jobs, and social problems.

Due to the reduced political powers, many people say that the Canadian territories have not received proper and equal representation in the Canadian Parliament. Prime Minister Martin has said that he believes the territories will eventually become provinces, although this would probably require delicate constitutional negotiations for which no timeframe has been considered. [3] http://www.cbc.ca/cp/world/041122/w112288.html

Economy

Main article: Economy of Canada

As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles the United States in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Energy self-sufficient, Canada has vast deposits of natural gas on the east coast and in the three western provinces, and a plethora of other natural resources. The 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which included Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US. As a result of the close cross-border relationship, the economic downturn in the United States in 2001 had a negative impact on the Canadian economy, but less than expected. Real growth averaged nearly 3% from 1993 to 2000, but declined in 2001. As of 2003, unemployment was up, with contraction in the manufacturing and natural resource sectors. Canada has successfully avoided economic recession after 2001 and has maintained the best economic growth rates in the G7 group of nations. With its great natural resources, skilled labour force, and modern capital plant, Canada enjoys solid economic prospects.

Two shadows loom, the first being the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking areas, which has been raising the possibility of a split in the federation. The ongoing uncertainty creates confusion about who will be responsible for the Canadian debt, what trading relationships will look like, and a host of other issues. However, as fears of separation have waned, the economy has become stronger, notably in Quebec.

Another long-term concern is fears of a flow south to the US of professionals, referred to as the Brain Drain, lured by higher pay, lower taxes, and high-tech opportunities. Simultaneously, a largely under-recognized Brain Gain is occurring, as educated immigrants continue to enter Canada in the late 20th and early 21st centuries [4] http://www.statcan.ca/english/indepth/81-003/feature/eqhi2000006003s1a01.htm . As in many western countries, however, the benefits of this phenomenon are limited by problems with acceptance of foreign qualifications; many educated and highly skilled immigrants work in unskilled positions in Canada, because their credentials are not recognized by government, employers, and some professional organizations, such as the Canadian Medical Association, which forces foreign-trained doctors to undertake extensive retraining to practise in Canada.

Transparency International ranks Canada as the perceived 11th least corrupt country in the world.

Language

Canada's two official languages are English and French.

On July 7, 1969, French was made equal to English throughout the Canadian federal government. This started a process that led to Canada redefining itself as a bilingual and multicultural nation at the federal level.

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms lays down that:

• French and English are equal to each other as official languages;
• Debate in Parliament may take place in either official language;
• Laws shall be printed in both official languages, with equal authority;
• Anyone may deal with any court established by Parliament, in either official language;
• Everyone has the right to receive services from the federal government in his or her choice of official language;
• Members of a minority language group of one of the official languages IF learned and still understood (i.e. French speakers in a majority English-speaking province, or vice versa) or received primary school education in that language has the right to have their children receive a public education in their language, where numbers warrant.

At the provincial level, New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, a status specifically guaranteed by the Charter of Rights, with its citizens having the same language rights at the provincial level as all citizens of Canada have at the federal level. While no other province is officially bilingual, most provincial governments do offer some type of service to their English or French minority populations.

The official language of Quebec is French, as defined by the province's Charter of the French Language; this law lays out various protections for the use of French as a vehicular language, but also provides certain rights for English speakers and speakers of aboriginal languages. Quebec provides most government services in both English and French.

French is mostly spoken in Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and southern Manitoba. In the 2001 census, 6,864,615 people listed French as a first language, of whom 85% lived in Quebec, and 17,694,835 people listed English as a first language.

Languages other than the official languages are also important in Canada, with 5,470,820 people listing a non-official language as a first language. (The above three statistics include those who listed more than one first language.) Among the most important non-official first language groups are Chinese (853,745 first-language speakers), especially Cantonese (322,315); Italian (469,485); and German (438,080). Any province may have as many official languages as they see fit. Though not an official language, Scots Gaelic is still the native tongue of a small number in Nova Scotia, especially in Cape Breton Island.

Speakers of a great many aboriginal languages live in Canada; however, all but a few of the aboriginal languages are in decline. But in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, there are eleven official languages, English and French with special status, then nine native languages: Chipewyan, Cree, Dogrib, Gwich‘in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, and South Slavey. (In Nunavut only English, Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, and French occur to any extent and it is expected that official languages there will be soon be legally reduced to those alone.) The only aboriginal languages believed to be fully sustainable at present are the Cree (with 72,885 first-language speakers), Inuktitut (in the NWT and Nunavut; 29,010 speakers), and Ojibwa (together with Cree, Obijwa will make up 150,000 speakers).

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Canada

In the 2001 Canadian census, respondents reported their ancestral origins using the following categories [5] http://www.canada.com/national/features/census/story.html?id=%7BC78A4458-7085-4F
EC-AD57-45F3BA869561%7D :

• Canadian (39.42%)
• English (20.17%)
• French (15.75%)
• Scottish (14.03%)
• Irish (12.90%)
• German (9.25%)
• Italian (4.29%)
• Chinese (3.69%)
• Ukrainian (3.61%)
• First Nations (3.38%)
• Dutch (3.12%)
• Polish (2.76%)
• East Indian (2.41%)
• Black African (2.23%)
• Norwegian (1.23%)
• Portuguese (1.21%)
• Welsh (1.18%)
• Jewish (1.18%)
• Russian (1.14%)
• Filipino (1.11%)
• Métis (1.04%)
• Swedish (0.95%)

See also: List of Canadians by ethnicity

The total non-white ("visible minority" [6] http://www.statcan.ca/english/census2001/dict/pop127.htm ) population is 13% of the Canadian population[7] http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Ethnicity/Page.cfm?L
ang=E&Geo=PR&View=1&Code=0&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=2&B1=Distribution (this does not include First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples).

Culture

Template:Main article

It has been said that Canadian culture rests solely in a effort to distinguish itself from its southern neighbour, the United States. Others argue that while the two North American countries share some aspects of a common cultural heritage, there is also a separately identifiable Canadian culture. They point to what they view as a greater integration of Native American cultures than elsewhere in the Americas, the retention of traditions descended from those of French settlers and a notable infusion of Celtic settlers in later phases of the country's history.

Much of Canadian culture remains defined in contrast to American culture. Some Canadians see their country as a mosaic of different immigrant cultures, as it is represented by the official government doctrine. Media outlets that receive government funding such as the CBC attempt to promote the mosaic view of Canada. Many tradionalist Canadians see Canada as a strong independent nation with its own unique cultural traditions, stemming from its Anglo-Saxon/Celtic beginnings.

See also:

• Music of Canada
• Canadian literature
• Theatre in Canada
• Art in Canada
• Holidays in Canada

National anthem and royal anthem

Canada's national anthem is "O Canada". Although it was first performed on June 24, 1880, at a Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day banquet in Quebec City, it did not become Canada's official national anthem until July 1, 1980. Over the preceding 70 years, "O Canada", "God Save the Queen" and "The Maple Leaf Forever" had competed as unofficial national anthems, but by the 1960s "O Canada" had emerged as the clear favourite. When it was made the official anthem, most Canadians were surprised to learn that it did not already have such status.

"God Save the Queen" is now Canada's royal anthem. It is officially played in the presence of the Queen or other members of the royal family. The first six bars are also used as part of the Vice-Regal Salute, which is played in the presence of the Governor General. Out of tradition, "God Save the Queen" is often sung at the end of highly formal state occasions such as state funerals and Remembrance Day services. It is also played (but not sung) at many military events. Some universities close their convocations with it, and some broadcasters play it, along with O Canada, when they sign on or off. Up until the 1980s, it was also common for elementary schools in many regions to close school assembies with "God Save the Queen", but this is no longer the case. As with Britain, the song becomes "God Save the King" when the monarch is a King.

Miscellaneous topics

• List of Canada-related topics
• Black Canadians
• Canadian identity
• Canadian Red Ensign
• Communications in Canada
• Communication Canada (a government agency)
• Canadian copyright law
• Courts of Canada
• Crime in Canada
• Education in Canada
• Foreign relations of Canada
• Four Corners of Canada
• List of Canadian sports personalities
• List of Canadians
• List of cities in Canada
• List of Canadian universities
• List of similarities between Canada and New Zealand
• Media in Canada
• Medicare (Canada)
• Military of Canada
• Monarchy in Canada
• Official Tartans in Canada
• Order of Canada
• poutine, loonie and toonie, This Hour Has 22 Minutes, eh
• Religion in Canada
• Reporters Without Borders worldwide press freedom index 2004: Ranked 18th in the world
• Censored page
• Secessionist movements of Canada
• Slavery in Canada
• Spouses of the Prime Ministers of Canada
• Stamps and postal history of Canada
• Supreme Court of Canada
• Timeline of Canadian history
• Trans-Canada Highway
• Transportation in Canada
• Vimy Ridge — Canada's most important memorial to the fallen soldiers of World War I

International rankings

• UN Human Development Index - 4th place in 2004 (was 1st through much of the 1990s)
• Reporters Without Borders - 18th place in 2004
• GDP per capita http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html - 11th place
• Canada moves up to 4th place, UN http://www.canadiancontent.net/commtr/article_695.html - Canada's movement in rank since it's #1 position in the 90s.

References

• Much of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.

External Canadian Links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about Canada

• Government of Canada http://canada.gc.ca/
• McCord Museum of Canadian History http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/

Countries in North America
Antigua and Barbuda | Bahamas | Barbados | Belize | Canada | Costa Rica | Cuba | Dominica | Dominican Republic | El Salvador | Grenada | Guatemala | Haiti | Honduras | Jamaica | Mexico | Nicaragua | Panama | Saint Kitts and Nevis | Saint Lucia | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Trinidad and Tobago | United States
Dependencies: Anguilla | Aruba | Bermuda | Cayman Islands | Greenland | Guadeloupe | Martinique | Montserrat | Navassa Island | Netherlands Antilles | Puerto Rico | Saint-Pierre and Miquelon | Turks and Caicos Islands | U.S. Virgin Islands | British Virgin Islands

Commonwealth of Nations

Antigua and Barbuda | Australia | Bahamas | Bangladesh | Barbados | Belize | Botswana | Brunei | Cameroon | Canada | Cyprus | Dominica | Fiji | The Gambia | Ghana | Grenada | Guyana | India | Jamaica | Kenya | Kiribati | Lesotho | Malawi | Malaysia | Maldives | Malta | Mauritius | Mozambique | Namibia | Nauru | New Zealand | Nigeria | Pakistan | Papua New Guinea | Saint Kitts and Nevis | Saint Lucia | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Samoa | Seychelles | Sierra Leone | Singapore | Solomon Islands | South Africa | Sri Lanka | Swaziland | Tanzania | Tonga | Trinidad and Tobago | Tuvalu | Uganda | United Kingdom | Vanuatu | Zambia

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Canada was a name given to a group of inmates at the Auschwitz concentration camp who were assigned to sort the personal belongings confiscated from those who were sent to the camp to be killed during the Final Solution. [8] http://dieoff.org/page226.htm