The Battle of Mogadishu (also known as the Battle of the Black Sea) was fought between forces of the United States against Somalian guerilla fighters loyal to warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid on October 3, 1993 in the Black Sea district of Mogadishu, Somalia.

A team of US Army Special Forces were executing an operation that involved travelling from their compound on the outskirts of the city to capture leaders of Aidid's militia. The assault force was composed of nineteen aircraft, twelve vehicles and 160 men. During the operation, two U.S. UH-60 helicopters were shot down by rocket propelled grenades and three others were damaged. Some of the soldiers were able to evacuate wounded back to the compound, but others were trapped at the crash sites and cut off. An urban battle ensued throughout the night. Early the next morning, a joint task force was sent to rescue the trapped troops. It contained soldiers from Pakistan, Malaysia, and U.S. soldiers of the 10th Mountain Division. They assembled some 60 vehicles, including Pakistani tanks, Malaysian Condor armored personnel carriers, and were supported by US AH-1 and UH-60 helicopters. This task force reached the first crash site and led the trapped soldiers out. The second crash site was overrun; the lone surviving American was taken hostage.

The battle resulted in the death of 18 American soldiers and another 79 wounded. Two Malaysian soldiers died and seven were wounded; two Pakistanis were also wounded. Somali deaths were not well recorded, but estimates put the number at 500-1000 Somali militia and civilians killed and 3000-4000 injured.

Contents

1 Background 2 Operation Irene 3 General information of the operation 4 Military procedure for the operation 5 The book and the movie 6 Links with al-Qaida 7 U.S. Military Fatalities 8 Malaysian Military Fatality 9 External links 9.1 Former combatants' websites 10 References

Background

In 1992, Somalia was in the midst of a civil war. This, combined with a drought, led to famine. The United Nations sent workers to stabilize the country and oversee the relief effort. This was unsuccessful due to the warring factions. In frustration, the United States sent troops as part of Operation Restore Hope in December 1992. These initial troops included the first Marine Expeditionary Force and Navy Seals. A U.N. resolution was passed authorizing a U.N. force, which arrived anchored by the 10th Mountain Division of the U.S. Army. This multinational force, comprising some 38,000 soldiers from 23 nations, stabilized Somalia from February to May 1993.

In May 1993, the operation was transferred from United States command to United Nations command and named UNOSOM II. The overall operation was under Turkish Lieutenant General Cevik Bir. The U.S., however, maintained their own command structure, led by Major General Thomas M. Montgomery . U.S. troops only fell under Bir during joint operations. From May to October of 1993, the situation slowly degenerated in Mogadishu.

General Mohamed Farrah Aidid showed little respect for UNOSOM II. His forces ambushed and killed 24 Pakistani troops in June. In August, his forces detonated a bomb under a passing military police vehicle, killing four U.S. soldiers. In response, the United States deployed Task Force Ranger to Somalia on August 22, 1993. Their mission was to capture Aidid and his top lieutenants. Task Force Ranger was placed under U.S. command, not U.N. command.

Operation Irene

See Timeline of the Battle of Mogadishu for a detailed synopsis.

On October 3, 1993, Task Force Ranger, a U.S. Special Operations Forces composed mainly of Rangers, Delta Force (1st SFOD-D) operators, and aviation support from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Night Stalkers), attempted to capture Aidid's foreign minister Omar Salad and top political advisor Mohamed Hassan Awale . The plan was to fast rope down from hovering UH-60 helicopters, capture the targets, and load them onto a ground convoy for transport back to the U.S. compound. Four Ranger chalks, also inserted by helicopter, were to provide a secure square perimeter on the four corners of the operation's target building.

The ground extraction convoy was supposed to reach the captive targets a few minutes after the beginning of the operation. However, it ran into delays. Somali citizens and local militia formed barricades along the streets of Mogadishu with rocks and burning tires, blocking the convoy from reaching the Rangers and the captive targets. A five-ton truck, part of the convoy, was struck by a rocket propelled grenade.

Other complications arose. A U.S. Army Ranger, Private Todd Blackburn, was seriously injured during the insertion. Pvt. Blackburn fell while fast roping from a helicopter hovering 70 feet above the streets. Minutes later, a MH-60 Black Hawk helicopter was shot down by a rocket propelled grenade.

There was confusion between the ground convoy and the assault team. The assault team and the ground convoy waited for twenty minutes just out of sight of each other, ready to move, but each under the impression that they were to be first contacted by the other. During the wait, a second Black Hawk was also downed.

Most of the assault team went to the first crash site for a rescue operation. Upon reaching the site, about 90 Rangers found themselves under siege from heavy militia fire. Despite limited air support, the Rangers were effectively trapped for the night.

At the second crash site, two Delta Force snipers, Sgt. First Class Randy Shughart and Master Sgt. Gary Gordon, were inserted by helicopter to protect the wounded pilot from the approaching mob. Both soldiers were later killed by the mob. The site was overrun by Somali militiamen. The pilot, Mike Durant, was seriously injured during the crash. He was taken hostage. Shughart and Gordon received the Medal of Honor posthumously for their heroic action during the battle. They both repeatedly volunteered to be dropped on the ground, against the advice of their superiors who knew the magnitude of the mob and the risk of the insertion.

Repeated attempts by the Somalis to mass forces and overrun these American positions were neutralized by the soldiers at the first crash site, aided by rockets and Gatling guns fired from U.S. aircraft. Attacks by Somali militiamen were fended off during the night until reinforcements from the U.S. 10th Mountain Division aided by Malaysian and Pakistani U.N. forces arrived in the early morning. No contingency planning or coordination with U.N. forces had been arranged prior to the operation. This lack of planning complicated the rapid recovery of the surrounded U.S. soldiers at the first crash site.

The battle was over by the next morning, October 4 at 6:30 AM. American forces were finally evacuated to the U.N. Pakistani base. In all, eighteen US soldiers died of wounds acquired during the battle and another 79 were injured. The Malaysian forces lost two soldiers and had seven injured, while the Pakistanis suffered two injuries. Casualties on the Somali side were heavy with estimates on fatalities from 300 to over 1000 people. The Somali casualties were a mixture of militiamen and local civilians. Two days later, a mortar fell on the US compound. This killed a nineteenth US soldier and injured another twelve.

The battle was the most intense urban battle faced by the U.S. forces during the Somalian U.N. mission and is often cited as the reason behind America's withdrawal from U.N. peacekeeping duties.

According to the American soldiers, Aidid's forces used civilians pushed out in front of their fighters as a screen. However, these civilian screens reduced after the Americans soldiers showed repeatedly that they were willing to fire and kill the screening civilians in order to reach their opponents.

General information of the operation

The Battle of Mogadishu spurred the development of the United States Marine Corps Urban Warrior program.

Military procedure for the operation

1. 160th SOAR will provide air support for the operation:
   • MH-60 Black Hawks
   • MH-6 Little Bird s
2. Infiltration:
   • Task Force Ranger (TFR) will fast-rope rappel from Black Hawk helicopters, providing perimeter security on 4 corners of the main target building.
   • 1st SFOD-D will insert on main target building from Little Birds.
3. Capture of live targets.
4. Exfiltration:
   • TFR Humvee convoy will extract all personnel.
   • 160th SOAR will provide escort security from air.

The book and the movie

In 1999, writer Mark Bowden published the book ‘Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War’ which chronicles the events that surrounded the battle. The book was later turned into a film.

A film by Ridley Scott, based on the book ‘Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War’ by Mark Bowden, describes the events surrounding the operation and some of the acts of bravery seen on that day. There are obvious differences between the book and the subsequent movie, which left out central sections and themes of the book, such as the involvement of civilians in the battle, and de-emphasized the key decision to stay in the area after the initial operation was completed, among others.

Links with al-Qaida

There have been allegations that Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida movement was involved in training and funding of Aidid's men. According to CNN, al-Qaida claimed to supply a large number of rocket propelled grenades to Aidid's fighters. Bin Laden himself denied accusations of giving military aid and training to Aidid's men but openly praised the attack and killing of the 18 American soldiers. Reportedly, al Qaida operatives had instructed Somali militiamen on ways to modify rocket propelled grenades to make them more effective against Black Hawk helicopters, for instance, by adding curved guide tubes to aim rocket exhaust in a safe direction.

U.S. Military Fatalities

• CW3 Donovan Briley
• SSG Daniel Busch
• CPL James Cavaco
• SSG William Cleveland
• SSG Thomas Field
• SFC Earl Fillmore
• CW3 Raymond Frank
• MSG Gary Gordon
• SGT Cornell Houston, died on October 6 after evacuation to Germany.
• SGT James Joyce
• PFC Richard Kowalewski
• PFC James Martin
• MSG Timothy Martin
• SGT Dominick Pilla
• SFC Matthew Rierson, died on October 6 during a mortar attack.
• SGT Lorenzo Ruiz
• SFC Randy Shughart
• CPL James Smith
• CW4 Clifton Wolcott

Malaysian Military Fatality

• Private Mat Aznan Awang

External links

• Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War http://inquirer.philly.com/packages/somalia/ - Featuring the text of the original articles, photos, and interviews with former soldiers involved in the battle.
• Task Force Ranger Memorial. http://www.nightstalkers.com/tfranger/memorial/default.html - Memorial to the fallen US Army Personnel

Former combatants' websites

• Black Hawk Down '93 http://www.bhd93.com - including an image gallery with pictures taken during the operation.
• NightStalkers.com: Operation Gothic Serpent http://www.nightstalkers.com - with a memorial of American casualties (including a bio for each of them) and an article written by a former Ranger that served on the operation.
• SpecialOperations.com: Operation Restore Hope http://www.specialoperations.com/Operations/Restore_Hope/ - featuring a detailed explanation of the operation and the events of October 3, 1993.
• SuaSponte.com - Ranger History: Somalia http://www.suasponte.com/history/modern/somalia/1.shtml - featuring a 41 page summary of the Battle of Mogadishu, the events that lead to it, and what could have contributed to the mission's disaster.
• U.S. Army Ranger Association - History: Somalia (Task Force Ranger) http://www.ranger.org/rangerHistorySomalia.html - featuring the account by USARA and former NightStalkers that served in combat during the battle.

References

1. Bowden, Mark (March 1999). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War http://inquirer.philly.com/packages/somalia/ . Atlantic Monthly Press. Berkeley, California (USA).
2. Day, Clifford (March 1997). Critical analysis on the defeat of Task Force Ranger http://www.specialoperations.com/Operations/Restore_Hope/97-0364.pdf (research paper). Air Command and Staff College Research Department. US Department of Defense. United States of America.
3. Richard W. Stewart, The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994. US Army Center for Military History. 2003 [2] http://www.army.mil/cmh/reference/Somalia/index.htm