Online Encyclopedia
2-8-4
In the Whyte notation, a 2-8-4 is a railroad steam locomotive that has one unpowered leading axle followed by four powered driving axle s and two unpowered trailing axle s. This locomotive type is most often referred to as a Berkshire, but they have also been referred to as a Kanawha. In Europe, the wheel arrangement was seen in tank locomotives.
Contents |
History in United States
In the beginning of the 20th century, the United States Railroad Administration (USRA) was formed to manage American railroads during World War I. The USRA was a short-lived and expensive experiment in nationalization, but out of it came many standard steam locomotive designs that proved enormously successful long after the end of the war. The most successful of these types was the 2-8-2, but American railroads soon found that a locomotive with even greater steam heating capacity was necessary.
To produce more steam, one of the first experiments was to increase the size of the locomotive's firebox, but the 2-8-2 wheel arrangement left locomotive designers with a limitation. The single axle trailing truck could only support so much weight from the firebox and cab of the locomotive. It was only natural to add a second trailing axle to spread the increased weight of a larger firebox over a greater surface area on the rails.
Six years after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway experimented with the first 2-10-4, the first 2-8-4s were built in 1925 by Lima for the Boston & Albany (B&A). The railroad's route over The Berkshires was a substantial test for the new locomotives, but the type proved its worth, outpacing the 2-8-2s already in use there. It is this mountain range that provided the name for the locomotive type, Berkshire. Buoyed by the success of the demonstrations on the B&A, Lima and ALCO both sold a few hundred of the new locomotive type.
The Berkshire's most substantial boost, however, came in 1934. It was that year that the Nickel Plate Road received its first Berkshires based on a new design from the Advisory Mechanical Committee (AMC) of the Van Sweringen empire. Under the Van Sweringen umbrella were the Nickel Plate Road, Erie Railroad, Chesapeake & Ohio and Pere Marquette railroads. The AMC's design generated 64,100 lbf (285 kN) of tractive effort and almost immediately became the standard design for subsequent Berkshires. The Erie Railroad purchased the greatest number of 2-8-4s, in all rostering 105 of this locomotive type.
The last new Berkshire was built by Lima in 1949 for the Nickel Plate Road. It became the railroad's road number 779.
Roster
Many of America's larger railroads rostered 2-8-4s. The following table lists data on the locomotives as they were built:
Railroad (quantity) | Road numbers | Builder | Build year |
---|---|---|---|
Lima Locomotive Works (1) | A1 (demonstrator) | Lima | 1924 |
Boston and Albany Railroad (55) | 1400 – 1444 | Lima | 1926 |
1445 – 1454 | Lima | 1930 | |
Illinois Central (50) | 7000 – 7049 | Lima | 1926 |
Erie Railroad (105) | 3300 – 3324 | Alco | 1927 |
3325 – 3349 | Lima | 1927 | |
3350 – 3384 | Baldwin | 1928 | |
3385 – 3404 | Lima | 1929 | |
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (15) | 4101 – 4115 | Baldwin | 1927 |
Chicago and Northwestern (12) | 2801 – 2812 | Alco-Dunkirk | 1927 |
Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo (2) | 201 – 202 | Montreal | 1928 |
Boston and Maine (25) | 4000 – 4019 | Lima | 1928 |
4020 – 4024 | Lima | 1929 | |
International Great Northern (5) | 1121 – 1125 | Alco | 1928 |
Missouri Pacific (25) | 1901 – 1925 | Lima | 1929 |
Nickel Plate Road (80) | 700 – 714 | Alco | 1934 |
715 – 729 | Lima | 1942 | |
730 – 739 | Lima | 1943 | |
740 – 769 | Lima | 1944 | |
770 – 779 | Lima | 1949 | |
Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad (6) | 700 – 703 | Lima | 1935 |
704 – 705 | Lima | 1939 | |
Pere Marquette Railroad (39) | 1201 – 1215 | Lima | 1937 |
1216 – 1227 | Lima | 1941 | |
1228 – 1234 | Lima | 1944 | |
1235 – 1239 | Lima | 1942 | |
Wheeling and Lake Erie (32) | 6401 – 6410 | Alco | 1937 |
6411 – 6415 | Alco | 1938 | |
6416 – 6422 | Alco | 1942 | |
6423 – 6432 | Alco | 1943 | |
Norfolk Southern Railway (5) | 600 – 604 | Baldwin | 1940 |
Louisville and Nashville (42) | 1950 – 1963 | Baldwin | 1942 |
1964 – 1969 | Baldwin | 1944 | |
1970 – 1991 | Lima | 1949 | |
Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac (10) | 571 – 580 | Lima | 1943 |
Chesapeake & Ohio (90) | 2700 – 2739 | Alco | 1944 |
2740 – 2749 | Lima | 1945 | |
2750 – 2759 | Lima | 1947 | |
2760 – 2789 | Alco | 1947 | |
Virginian Railway (5) | 505 – 509 | Lima | 1946 |
Pittsburgh and Lake Erie (7) | 9400 – 9406 | Alco | 1948 |
Preservation
With the success of AMCs design, the Nickel Plate Road became synonymous with the Berkshire locomotive type. One of this class, number 765, is preserved in operating condition and is operated occasionally on the mainlines of Class 1 railroads around the United States.
Another 2-8-4, Pere Marquette Railroad number 1225, which occasionally runs in the upper Midwestern US, was used as the basis for the locomotive sounds in the 2004 movie The Polar Express.
European 2-8-4s
Many European railways rostered 2-8-4T large tank locomotives. In Germany, there were two classes of passenger locomotives, both built in the 1950s. Class BR65 was built in West Germany, while class BR6510 was built in East Germany.
References
- Farrell, Jack W. (1988). North American steam locomotives: The Berkshire and Texas types. Pacific Fast Mail, Edmonds, WA. ISBN 915713-15-12.
External links
- 2-8-4 or Berkshire http://www.trains.com/Content/Dynamic/Articles/000/000/001/810hlyiy.asp (Trains Magazine)
- Fort Wayne Railroad Historical Society http://www.765.org/ owners/operators of the preserved NKP 765.
- Steamtown: Nickel Plate Road http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/steamtown/shs2o.htm Special history study of number 759
Steam locomotive types |
Single engine types |
0-2-2 , 2-2-0, 2-2-2, 2-2-4 , 4-2-0, 4-2-2, 4-2-4 , 6-2-0 |
0-4-0, 0-4-2 , 0-4-4 , 2-4-0 , 2-4-2 , 2-4-4 , 4-4-0, 4-4-2, 4-4-4 |
0-6-0, 0-6-2 , 0-6-4 , 2-6-0, 2-6-2 , 2-6-4, 4-6-0, 4-6-2, 4-6-4 |
0-8-0, 0-8-2 , 2-8-0, 2-8-2, 2-8-4, 4-8-0, 4-8-2, 4-8-4, 6-8-6 |
0-10-0, 0-10-2, 2-10-0, 2-10-2, 2-10-4, 4-10-0 , 4-10-2 |
0-12-0 , 2-12-2 , 4-12-2 |
Duplex engine types |
4-4-4-4, 6-4-4-6, 4-4-6-4 , 4-6-4-4 |
Mallet (articulated) types |
0-4-4-0, 2-4-4-2 |
0-6-6-0 , 2-6-6-2 , 2-6-6-4, 2-6-6-6 , 4-6-6-4 |
0-8-8-0, 2-8-8-0, 2-8-8-2, 2-8-8-4, 4-8-8-2 , 4-8-8-4 |
2-10-10-2, 2-8-8-8-2 , 2-8-8-8-4 |